Disarmament: Agreement for the Reform and Civil Concord

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Article 5: On Disarmament and Demobilization.

a) When the exchange of prisoners, the cessation of hostilities, the mine clearance, and the establishment of dialogue have been tangibly achieved, the two Parties agree, at the latest within 7 days after the signing of this present Agreement, to proceed to disarmament and demobilization operations in successive phases:

1) Regrouping of elements from the FRUD-Armé in: RIPTA and Waddi (Northern districts)

2) Disarmament and demobilization of FRUD-Armé combatants will take place simultaneously at the regrouping points agreed upon.

3) It is imperative that all the operations of disengagement, demobilization and disarmament are accomplished within a period of seven days.

b) The governmental forces will return to their habitual position from before the conflict as soon as the operations enumerated above have come to an end. They must set about mine clearance before their withdrawal from their former encampments.

c) The demobilized elements of the FRUD-Armé benefit from the integration into the corps of defence and security or from the insertion into social life or from compensation.

d) For a successful implementation of these operations a mixed commission will be established.

It will be charged with the complete identification of all combatants according to the enclosed form supplied by the Administration.

It will also be in charge of the physical census of the men and of their military armaments (in particular individual and collective weapons) and of the collection of such weapons.

Within this mixed commission a unit in charge of sanitary and medical operations will be established.

Demobilization: Agreement for the Reform and Civil Concord

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Article 5: On Disarmament and Demobilization.

a) When the exchange of prisoners, the cessation of hostilities, the mine clearance, and the establishment of dialogue have been tangibly achieved, the two Parties agree, at the latest within 7 days after the signing of this present Agreement, to proceed to disarmament and demobilization operations in successive phases:

1) Regrouping of elements from the FRUD-Armé in: RIPTA and Waddi (Northern districts).

2) Disarmament and demobilization of FRUD-Armé combatants will take place simultaneously at the regrouping points agreed upon.

3) It is imperative that all the operations of disengagement, demobilization and disarmament are accomplished within a period of seven days.

b) The governmental forces will return to their habitual position from before the conflict as soon as the operations enumerated above have come to an end. They must set about mine clearance before their withdrawal from their former encampments.

c) The demobilized elements of the FRUD-Armé benefit from the integration into the corps of defence and security or from the insertion into social life or from compensation.

d) For a successful implementation of these operations a mixed commission will be established.

It will be charged with the complete identification of all combatants according to the enclosed form supplied by the Administration.

It will also be in charge of the physical census of the men and of their military armaments (in particular individual and collective weapons) and of the collection of such weapons.

Within this mixed commission a unit in charge of sanitary and medical operations will be established.

Military Reform: Agreement for the Reform and Civil Concord

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Article 3: On Solutions and Remedies.

The two Parties undertake to respect the principles and to carry out the general measures below.

a. It is above all necessary to guarantee security for everybody through the struggle against the impunity of the perpetrators of crimes of all sorts, of extortions and robbery, and through the demobilizing of the FRUD combatants. It will be necessary to establish defence forces as well as security and police forces which are genuinely national and representative of all the components of the national community, in order to avoid any aberration in the future which might be harmful to the Unity and the Nation (CHAPTER II).

Article 5: On Disarmament and Demobilization.

c) The demobilized elements of the FRUD-Army benefit from the integration into the corps of defence and security or from the insertion into social life or from compensation.

d) For a successful implementation of these operations a mixed commission will be established.

It will be charged with the complete identification of all combatants according to the enclosed form supplied by the Administration.

Article 15: On the Equality of all Citizens.

b) Fairly and with respect to acquired qualifications the civil and military institutions of the Republic will reflect, within their staff and hierarchy, the plurality of communities making up the Djiboutian people.

Decentralization/Federalism: Agreement for the Reform and Civil Concord

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CHAPTER V – DECENTRALIZATION

Article 18: On the Goals of the Decentralization.

The two Parties agree about the general goals of the decentralization on the following levels:

1) Political level = participation of the citizens by means of their locally elected in the administration and development of their community.

2) Administrative level = establishing of a more efficient administration as it will be closer to those administered.

3) Economic level = promote economic development poles outside the capital and reduce regional disparities.

Article 19: On the State of Decentralization.

a) The decentralization, ratified by the Constitution, is conceived in Djibouti as being an integral part of the process of democratization and modernization of administrative structures within the framework of institutional reforms.

b) The two Parties agree that only a genuine decentralization can release the individual and collective energies which are capable of extracting the regions from their present state of desertion.

Article 20: On the Legal Framework.

They adopt the decentralization law project annexed to the present Agreement as an organic law determining the legal framework of the decentralization.

Article 21: On Levels of Decentralization.

a) The two Parties agree on the levels of decentralization which are two in number, viz. the region and the municipality.

b) The two Parties have accepted to first organize the regions and thereafter the municipalities.

The 5 regions are: Ali-Sabieh, Arta, Dikhil, Obock and Tadjourah. The capital city will be granted a unique status.

Article 22: National Committee of Decentralization.

a) A committee for the organization of the decentralization made up of twelve (12) members, whereof 3 representatives from each signatory party of the above mentioned Framework Agreement for Reform and Civil Concord, is set up.

This committee is responsible for:

– Carrying into effect the decentralization;

– Monitoring the establishment of regional institutions and of the section of the judicial court specialized in administrative disputes and in the control of public spending;

– Participating in the definition of the contents of legislative and statutory texts planned for by the present Law and watching over their enforcement.

This steering committee will meet monthly under the collegiate chairmanship of a representative of each of the signatory parties of the Framework Agreement for Reform and Civil Concord until the measures necessary for the decentralization have been applied.

This committee establishes a quarterly public report covering its activities.

The mandate of this committee will last until regional communities have been effectively organized.

A decree will define the conditions and volumes of the financial grants approved by the central power for the decentralized regions. These grants must correspond with the real needs of each region and will be defined on the basis of objective criteria.

Electoral/Political Party Reform: Agreement for the Reform and Civil Concord

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Article 12: On the Multiparty System.

a) The two Parties agree that at the expiry, on 3 September, 2002, of the period of implementation of the issue of a referendum concerning the limitation to four political parties, article 6 of the Constitution of September 1992 will ipso facto come into force.

b) However, the FRUD-Army signatory of the Agreement will be tolerated as a political party to carry on partisan activities.

Article 16:

The control of electoral operations on the national level is ensured by a national independent electoral committee.

A decree will determine its functioning and its composition.

Cease Fire: Agreement for the Reform and Civil Concord

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Accord Cadre de Reforme et de Concorde Civile (Signed on Feb 7, 2000)

CLAUSE 5: CIVIL PEACE AND SECURITY.

The two parties engage to suspend hostilities.

(Note: Final peace agreement, Accord de reforme et concorde civile, recognizes the ceasefire agreement signed on Feb. 7, 2000)

Regional Peacekeeping Force: Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement for Burundi

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Protocol V, Article 3:

Functioning and powers of the Implementation Monitoring Committee

(b) Implementation Monitoring Committee shall be chaired by the representative of the United Nations, who shall act in consultation with the Government, the Organization of African Unity and the Regional Peace Initiative on Burundi.

Ceasefire Agreement, Annex I, Article III:

1. The African mission shall be responsible for monitoring and verifying the ceasefire. Prior to this process, joint liaison teams shall be set up which shall function at the national, provincial and local levels.

2. The African mission shall create the organs and mechanisms for monitoring and verifying the ceasefire. It shall draw up its own rules of procedure.

Annex 1 to the Burundi Ceasefire Agreement (2 December 2002)

A. Stages of the ceasefire

1.1 Phase I

1.1.4 Deployment of the African mission.

UN Peacekeeping Force: Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement for Burundi

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Protocol III, Chapter III: Article 27:

5. International peacekeeping force

The mandate of the peacekeeping force referred to in article 8 of Protocol V to the Agreement shall be to verify implementation of the provisions contained in this Chapter. In addition to its verification function, the force may be requested by the Ceasefire Commission to provide assistance and support to the implementation process, as appropriate.

Protocol V: Chapter I: Article 8: Peacekeeping

Immediately following the signature of the Agreement, the Burundian Government shall submit to the United Nations a request for an international peacekeeping force in conformity with and for the purposes set forth in article 27, paragraph 5 of Protocol III to the Agreement. Account must be taken of United Nations practice in this respect. This force shall be responsible inter alia for:

(a) Ensuring respect for the ceasefire;

(b) Supervising integration;

(c) Providing technical support for demobilization aid and training;

(d) Ensuring protection of the institutions and of any public figure who so wishes;

(e) Assisting in the establishment and training of an ethnically balanced special unit for the protection of the institutions.

Pretoria Protocol II (2 November 2003)

2.2. 2.2 Roles and Principles

a.7. To participate in peace support operations under the auspices of the United Nations (UN), the African Union (AU) or the Regional Organisations when the Government is ready to participate.