The decentralization program, started in 1992, continued in spite of the breakdown of the ceasefire in 1994.

The decentralization program started in 1992 but implementation of many provisions were not initiated on time.

The decentralization program started in 1992 but implementation of many provisions were not initiated on time.

No further developments observed.

No further developments observed.

No further developments observed.

Donor support provision was implemented by 1996.

Donor agencies provided support for the rehabilitation of ex-combatants and refugees in 1996.

After cantoning the Tuareg combatants, donor agencies were interested in providing support for the peace process. The demobilization process was financed by the UN Trust Fund. Those 3,000 ex-combatants who surrendered their arms received a $200 premium and the 7,000 more ex-combatants who were identified later and did not go through the cantonment process received $100.¹ Programs to reintegrate ex-combatants were carried out by the UNDP. The Support Program for the Socio-Economic Reintegration of Ex-combatants in Northern Mali (PAREM) was created and funded by the UNDP’s trust fund. In May 1996, 6,000 ex-combatants who did not go through the cantonment process participated in the PAREM programs. In 1997, this number increased to 7,795 with the participation of an additional 1,659 cantoned ex-combatants who were not taken into the army or civil administration. A total of 866 projects were funded benefiting 9,509 ex-combatants. As a pre-condition for the initial funding for a program, each registered ex-combatant was required to develop a viable project.² 27 different donor and development agencies were involved in different development programs worth more than $200 million/³ Donor agencies also contributed to the repartition and rehabilitation of the refugees.

Once peacemaking initiatives through civilian participation began in 1995, donor agencies started to show some interest in supporting the peace process. With this in mind, the government of Mali held a two-day meeting with donor agencies in northern Mali in July 1995. Donor agencies promised $200 million development aid to northern Mali.⁴ A number of recommendations were made during this meeting, and many focused on the rehabilitation of those displaced during the conflict and land issues. In the meeting, donors and development partners allegedly acted expeditiously on the funding requirement under the emergency resettlement program, and thus released the funds available.⁵ But for the cantonment process, donor agencies did not provide support because they were suspicious of the government’s intentions.⁶ However, the UNHCR did provide support for the repartition of refugees.