Luena Memorandum of Understanding
Date Signed: 4 April, 2002
Accord Type: Comprehensive Peace Agreement
Country: Angola
88.00Implementation Score after 10 years
Provisions in this Accord
Cease Fire
2002
In 2001 and early 2002, after several years of renewed civil war following the failed 1994 Lusaka Protocol, the Angolan Armed Forces (FAA) closed in on Jonas Savimbi, the leader of UNITA. After destroying most of the defenses surrounding the leader, the number of defections from Savimbi reached an all-time high in early February and the army reported that Savimbi was near the end.1
On 22 February 2002, the FAA forces killed Jonas Savimbi, the leader of UNITA. The Angolan government immediately called on all UNITA troops to lay down their weapons and surrender.2
On 30 March 2002, FAA leader G. S. Nunda and UNITA leader Kamorteiro signed an agreement in the city of Luena, ending the civil war.3
UNITA troops began to travel to the assembly points identified in the Luena Agreement on the same day the agreement was officially signed. UNITA General Samuel Chiwale, a member of the Supreme Command of UNITA forces, instructed his troops to report to the assembly points in the Luena agreement immediately.4
There were no reports of armed conflict or organized violence following the Luena Agreement in 2002.
- “Savimbi “Close to the End” as Government Forces Win More Victories,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, February 19, 2002.
- “Angola’s Government Says Rebel Leader Savimbi Dead,” Agence France Presse, February 22, 2002.
- “Angola Signs Ceasefire with UNITA Rebels,” Reuters News Agency, March 30, 2002.
- “UNITA Forces in Northern Front Begin Implementing Luena Accord,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, April 4, 2002.
2003
There were no reports of armed conflict, organized violence, or ceasefire violations in 2003.1
In April, Angolans nationally celebrated one year of peace.2
On 9 April, Professor Ibrahim A. Gambari, Under-Secretary-General and Special Adviser on Africa, remarked on the extraordinary turn-around in Angola: “From the moment that cease-fire was declared in March 2002 till today, no single shot has been fired and no skirmishes have been reported in violations of the cease-fire. The process of disarmament of UNITA was completed and members of UNITA forces were integrated into the national army and police.”3
- “U.N. Taking Active Role in Rebuilding Angola as Ceasefire Holds,” State Department, April 10, 2003.
- “Angola Celebrates One Year of Peace,” Xinhua General News Service, April 4, 2003.
- “Angola: Rebuilding the Nation: National Reconciliation and Peace,” Africa News, April 9, 2003.
2004
No large scale violence reported this year.
2005
No large scale violence reported this year.
2006
No large scale violence reported this year.
2007
No large scale violence reported this year.
2008
No large scale violence reported this year.
2009
No large scale violence reported this year.
2010
No large scale violence reported this year.
2011
In April 2011, Angola celebrated almost a decade without civil war. In the six years following the 2002 peace deal, Angola’s GDP rose 260 percent with an annual growth rate of 14 percent.1
Chapter 1: Subject and Principles of the Memorandum of Understanding
1.1 SUBJECT
1.2. The objective of the Memorandum of Understanding is collaboration between the parties for the resolution of negative military factors posing an obstacle to the Lusaka Protocol, and the creation of conditions for its definitive conclusion.
2 – FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
2.2. The parties reiterate their unequivocal acceptance of the validity of pertinent political-juridical instruments, namely the Lusaka Protocol and UN Security Council resolutions related to the Angolan peace process.
3 – CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES AND PENDING MILITARY ISSUES UNDER THE TERMS OF THE LUSAKA PROTOCOL
A) CEASE-FIRE
3.1 The parties reiterate their engagement in the scrupulous fulfillment of their commitments and obligations relating to the task of reestablishing the cease-fire (in the spirit foreseen in Annex 3, Point II. 1 of the Work Agenda – Military Issues I of the Lusaka Protocol).
3.2 In this sense, the Government, through the General Staff of the Angolan Armed Forces, and UNITA Military Forces, through the High General Staff, release and carry out a declaration recognizing a cease-fire aimed at ending the armed conflict in order to achieve peace and national reconciliation.
3.3 The task of reestablishing a cease-fire encompasses the following:
a) The cessation of all military actions throughout the country and the end of hostile propaganda.
b) The halting of all force movements in the reinforcement or occupation of new military positions, as well as the termination of all acts of violence against civilian populations and the destruction of property.
c) Regular information on the situation regarding positioning of units and all other paramilitary elements of UNITA Military Forces in probable zones or areas of military tension.
d) The guarantee of protection for people and their possessions, of resources and public assets, as well as the free circulation of persons and goods.
Lusaka Protocol: Annex 3: Agenda item II.1: Military issues (I) 1:
1. The re-established cease-fire consists of the cessation of hostilities between the Government of the Republic of Angola and UNITA with a view to attaining peace throughout the national territory.
2. The re-established cease-fire shall be total and definitive throughout the national territory.
3. The re-established ceasefire shall guarantee the free circulation of persons and goods throughout the national territory.
4. Overall supervision, control and verification of the reestablished cease-fire will be the responsibility of the United Nations acting within the framework of its new mandate, with the participation of the Government and UNITA.
5. The re-established cease-fire shall include the cessation of all hostile propaganda between the Government of the Republic of Angola and UNITA, at both the national and the international level.
Powersharing Transitional Government
2002
The 2002 Luena Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) calls for continuing and completing the implementation of the 1994 Lusaka protocol. The Lusaka protocol contained a powersharing provision stipulating that at least 11 top positions in particular ministries in the Angolan Government be reserved for UNITA officials. Powersharing began in 1997.
On 10 April 1997, President Dos Santos appointed his cabinet of 28 ministers into the Government of National Unity and Reconciliation. According to the decree signed by the President, four of the 28 cabinet ministers were from the former rebel movement, the National Union for Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). They were the Minister of Geology and Mines, Marcos Samondo; the Health Minister, Anastacio Ruben Sikato; the Minister of Trade, Victorino Hossi; and the Minister of Hotels and Tourism, Jorge Valentim. The 24 other ministers were from President Dos Santos’ People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA).1
Another report indicated that UNITA occupied four minister posts and seven deputy-minister posts.2
The next year (1998), UNITA and the Angolan Government returned to civil war. During that period of renewed fighting, UNITA officials appear to have continuously held those reserved positions in the cabinet. In 1998, it was announced that 11 of the 32 top posts in government belonged to UNITA.3
On 4 April 2002, the Government and UNITA signed the Luena Memorandum of Understanding which reaffirmed and made some additions to the 1994 Lusaka Protocol. It was reported on 6 December 2002 that President Dos Santos was making changes to his cabinet but that UNITA officials would retain their reserved positions in accordance with the Lusaka Protocol.4
A story in December 2002 suggests that four UNITA officials remained in the cabinet, although two of the names have changed since the formation of the cabinet in 1997. Samondo and Sikato appear to have been replaced by Hamukwaya and Antonio. The report reads: “Four officials from the former UNITA have also been renamed in their previous posts – Albertina Hamukwaya (Health), Jorge Valentim (Hotels and Tourism), Manuel Antonio Africano (Geology and Mines) and Victorino Hossi (Commerce).”5
- “New Cabinet Formed in Angola,” Xinhua News Agency, April 10, 1997.
- “Roundup: Road to Peace in Angola Tortuous,” Xinhua News Agency, April 11, 1997.
- “Joint Press Conference With Russian Federation Foreign Minister Yevgeny Primakov and Angola’s Minister Of Foreign Affairs Venancio De Sylva Moura,” Official Kremlin Int’l News Broadcast, April 10, 1998.
- “Angola’s President Names New Prime Minister, Reshuffles Cabinet,” Agence France Presse, December 6, 2002.
- “Finance Minister Ousted in Angolan Cabinet Shake-Up,” World Markets Analysis, December 9, 2002.
2003
No reports found for 2003.
2004
In October of 2004, the president of UNITA gave a speech in Luanda and talked of his concern over the insufficient appointments made by the President in regards to UNITA members in the Government of Unity and National Reconciliation (GURN). Specifically, he called for “the replacement of nine of his members, instead of only three carried out by the Head of State.” It was mentioned in the story that President Dos Santos sent a letter to UNITA headquarters reassuring them that he would keep Albertina Hamukwaya in the cabinet; no other names were mentioned.1
In December of 2004, Jorge Valentim was replaced by Eduardo Chingunji, Albertina Hamukwaya (mentioned previously) was replaced by Sebastiao Veloso, and Hossi was replaced by Muafumua. All appeared to be MPLA members, not UNITA members. Chingunji later contributed to a book on the success of the MPLA. By the end of 2004, only Manuel Africano (Geology and Mines) was listed as a UNITA representative in the cabinet.2 We consider this a reversal of the powersharing arrangment.
- “President Dos Santos Reassures UNITA on Government Reshuffling,” Africa News, November 2, 2004.
- “President Carries Out Another Minor Reshuffle in Angola,” World Markets Analysis, December 8, 2004.
2005
No additional UNITA members joined the cabinet from 2005 to 2007.
2006
No additional UNITA members joined the cabinet from 2005 to 2007.
2007
No additional UNITA members joined the cabinet from 2005 to 2007.
2008
The last story to mention Manuel Africano was in May of 2008, the year that the MPLA swept the elections. The post-election list of cabinet members had Jose Maria Botelho de Vasconcelos replacing Africano.1
On 21 September 2008, the Angolan Parliament voted and approved the abolishment of the Government of Unity and National Reconciliation (GURN).2
- “Polls to Bring Institutional Normality,” Africa News, May 31, 2008.
- “Angola: Ruling MPLA Praises Unanimous Vote On GURN Abolishment,” Africa News, October 17, 2008.
2009
There was no further UNITA representation in the cabinet from 2009 to 2011.
2010
There was no further UNITA representation in the cabinet from 2009 to 2011.
2011
There was no further UNITA representation in the cabinet from 2009 to 2011.
(CHAPTER 1) SUBJECT AND PRINCIPLES OF THE MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
1 — SUBJECT
1.2. The objective of the Memorandum of Understanding is collaboration between the parties for the resolution of negative military factors posing an obstacle to the Lusaka Protocol, and the creation of conditions for its definitive conclusion.
2 — FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
2.2. The parties reiterate their unequivocal acceptance of the validity of pertinent political-juridical instruments, namely the Lusaka Protocol and UN Security Council resolutions related to the Angolan peace process.
LUSAKA PROTOCOL (Annex 6: Agenda Item II.4: National Reconciliation: I. General Principles):
4. National Reconciliation implies: (c) That, in the pursuit of national interest, UNITA members participate adequately al all levels and in the various institutions of political, administrative and economic activity.
Annex 6: Agenda Item II.4: National Reconciliation:II. Specific Principles:
7. In the context of national reconciliation, all the first 70 deputies elected on the lists of UNITA candidates in the September 1992 legislative elections shall, except in the cases provided for under article 165 (3) of Law 5/92 of 16 April, be installed in their functions in the National Assembly. The vacancies existing under the terms of article 165 (3) of Law 5/92 of 16 April shall be filled in accordance with the law. The first 70 deputies elected on the lists of UNITA candidates, all those who have already assumed their functions and those who have not yet done so, shall constitute the UNITA parliamentary group. The deputies of the UNITA parliamentary group designated by the party leadership and appointed to functions not compatible with their parliamentary duties shall be replaced in accordance with articles 168 and 169 of Law 5/92 of 16 April. All the deputies in the National Assembly shall enjoy the rights, freedoms, guarantees, immunities and privileges provided by the law.
Annex 6: Agenda Item II.4: National Reconciliation: III. Modalities:
1. In application of the relevant provisions of Article 4 (c) of the general principles of National Reconciliation above, the concrete modalities of participation by UNITA in the various posts in the Government, State administration and diplomatic missions abroad, as agreed between the Government and UNITA and which appear in a document which is an integral part of the annex of the Lusaka Protocol relating to National Reconciliation, shall be specified in a letter to be written by the Angolan authorities to the leaders of that party.
8. In application of the provisions of para. 4 (c) of the general principles relating lo National Reconciliation above, members of UNITA appointed to exercise functions in the Central Government and diplomatic missions abroad, the deputies referred to in para. 7 of the specific principles relating to National Reconciliation above, and the UNITA members who will take up posts in the senior ranks of the National Police, shall assume their functions, al the latest, immediately following the completion of the procedures referred to in para. 3 of the specific principles relating lo agenda item II (1) (b). In any of these cases, if the requisite conditions are certified as fulfilled for the purpose, implementation of the preceding provisions of the present para. 8 of the modalities of National Reconciliation shall be brought forward through agreement between the Government and UNITA.
9. The replacement of any holder of the offices allocated to UNITA at all levels of State administration, during the period that the Lusaka Protocol remains in force, shall be effected in accordance with the provisions of the Protocol. Document relating to UNITA’s participation in the central, provincial and local administration and in the diplomatic missions abroad, in accordance with article 1 of the modalities of national reconciliation.
1. Posts within the Central Administration
(i) Ministers
1. Minister of Geology and Mines
2. Minister of Trade
3. Minister of Health
4. Minister of Hotel Business and Tourism
(ii) Deputy Ministers
1. Deputy Minister of Defense
2. Deputy Minister of Home Affairs
3. Deputy Minister of Finance
4. Deputy Minister of Agriculture
5. Deputy Minister of Public Works
6. Deputy Minister of Social Reintegration
7. Deputy Minister of Mass Communication
(iii) Ambassadors
1. Ambassador of Angola in Canada
2. Ambassador of Angola in Mexico
3. Ambassador of Angola in India
4. Ambassador of Angola in Cape Verde
5. Ambassador of Angola in Poland
6. Ambassador of Angola to UNESCO
Electoral/Political Party Reform
2002
The 2002 Luena Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) calls for continuing and completing the implementation of the 1994 Lusaka Protocol. The Lusaka Accord stipulated that UNITA be allowed to become a legitimate political party to compete in national multi-party elections. In 1998, three years following the Lusaka Accord, the Angolan government announced that UNITA was a fully legalized political party. UNITA would remain a legal political party, although multi-party elections would not be held for several years.1
2003
UNITA remained a legal political party this year; multi-party elections would not be held.
2004
UNITA remained a legal political party this year; multi-party elections would not be held.
2005
UNITA remained a legal political party this year; multi-party elections would not be held.
2006
UNITA remained a legal political party this year; multi-party elections would not be held.
2007
UNITA remained a legal political party this year; multi-party elections would not be held.
2008
On 5 September 2008, Angola held national multi-party parliamentary elections for the first time in 16 years. The MPLA won over 80 percent of the seats, with UNITA coming in second with 10 percent.1
2009
The stipulation that national elections be held and UNITA be allowed to compete was fulfilled in 2008.
2010
The stipulation that national elections be held and UNITA be allowed to compete was fulfilled in 2008.
2011
The stipulation that national elections be held and UNITA be allowed to compete was fulfilled in 2008.
CHAPTER 1: SUBJECT AND PRINCIPLES OF THE MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
1 — SUBJECT
1.2. The objective of the Memorandum of Understanding is collaboration between the parties for the resolution of negative military factors posing an obstacle to the Lusaka Protocol, and the creation of conditions for its definitive conclusion.
2 — FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
2.2. The parties reiterate their unequivocal acceptance of the validity of pertinent political-juridical instruments, namely the Lusaka Protocol and UN Security Council resolutions related to the Angolan peace process.
LUSAKA PROTOCOL
ANNEX 6: AGENDA ITEM II.4: NATIONAL RECONCILIATION: I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
2. National Reconciliation, today a national imperative, is the expression of the people’s will which is translated unequivocally by the political will of the Government of the Republic of Angola and UNITA to live together within the Angolan constitutional, political and legal framework, reaffirming particularly their respect for the principles of accepting the will of the people expressed through free and fair elections and the right to opposition.
4. National Reconciliation implies: (c) That, in the pursuit of national interest, UNITA members participate adequately at all levels and in the various institutions of political, administrative and economic activity.
Annex 7: Agenda Item II.5: Completion of the Electoral Process: I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
1. As in every democratic and multiparty society, the participation of all citizens in the definition of the national political, social and economic guidelines and options, as well as in the free choice of the country’s leaders, is guaranteed by respect for the principle of the expression of the people’s will in periodic, free and fair elections and acceptance of their results.
2. The Angolan electoral process, initiated with the election s provided for in the “Acordos de Paz para Angola ” (Bicesse) remains to be concluded because of the postelectoral crisis. Under the terms of article 147 (3) of Law 5/92 of 16 April 1992, the electoral process should be concluded with the holding of the second round of the presidential elections.
Decentralization/Federalism
2002
The 2002 Luena Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) calls for continuing and completing the decentralization efforts under the 1994 Lusaka Protocol. In February 2002, Fernando Dias Dos Santos Nando, Minister of the Interior, spoke at a national seminar on the topic of renewing the government’s ongoing programs of decentralization.1
- “Angola: Savimbi’s Death Likely to Lead to Cease-Fire — Minister,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, February 28, 2002.
2003
No major steps toward decentralizing the government took place in 2003.
2004
A joint study by the UN Development Program and Angola’s Ministry of Territorial Administration examined 16 provinces, 47 municipalities, and 47 districts across Angola and recommended greater decentralization of power. Specifically, the report called for fewer government employees at the national and provincial levels and more at the local community level.1
2005
Limited decentralization programs were promoted in areas of the country in 2005, although it is unclear whether government functions were transfered to local areas. In 2006, the USAID budget for Angola was 25.5 million and focused on improved governing and democratization. According to USAID, “The Governing Justly and Democratically objective strengthens constituencies and institutions required for democratic governance by strengthening civil society organizations and promoting local government decentralization; fostering an independent media, government transparency, accountability, and capability, and improved dialogue between citizens and government; and laying the groundwork for free and fair elections.”[fn]”State Department Issues Background Note on Angola,” US Fed News, July 1, 2007.[/efn_note]
2006
No details on decentralization programs were found for 2006.
2007
Programs on decentralization and local governance promoted by the Ministry of Territory Administration, in partnership with UNDP, were held in communities throughout Angola in 2007.1
In August of 2007, the government took a major step toward the administrative decentralization of the country by granting budgetary autonomy to 50 municipalities. According to one report “the government has embarked on a program of decentralization, and in August 2007 the Council of Ministers passed a resolution to grant 50 municipalities control of their own budgets.”2
- “Angola: Malanje Hosts Workshop on Decentralisation, Governance,” Africa News, November 14, 2007.
- “State Department Issues Background Note on Angola.” US Fed News, January 1, 2008.
2008
The creation of the Municipal Management Fund in 2008 was considered an important step for the decentralization process in Angola. Also in 2008, the program on budgetary decentralization was extended to give all municipalities in Angola control over their budget.1
- “State Department Issues Background Note on Republic of Angola,” Targeted News Service, April 11, 2011.
2009
Programs on decentralization and local governance continued in 2009.
2010
A 2010 report claims that Angola has completed “the permanent transfer of competences from the central administration organs to the local administration of state and the reinforcement of the districts’ institutional capacity.”1
- “Angola: Steps Taken for Decentralisation Process Considered Important,” Africa News, October 22, 2010.
2011
The Ministry of Territory Administration took further steps towards decentralization with the formation of local administrative units and the passage and implementation of new laws such as the Law on the Local Administration Organ Organization and Functioning.1
CHAPTER 1: SUBJECT AND PRINCIPLES:
1 — SUBJECT
1.2. The objective of the Memorandum of Understanding is collaboration between the parties for the resolution of negative military factors posing an obstacle to the Lusaka Protocol, and the creation of conditions for its definitive conclusion.
2 — FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
2.2. The parties reiterate their unequivocal acceptance of the validity of pertinent political-juridical instruments, namely the Lusaka Protocol and UN Security Council resolutions related to the Angolan peace process.
Lusaka Protocol: Annex 6: Agenda Item II.4: National Reconciliation: I. General Principles
4. National Reconciliation implies:(d) That, in accordance with Article 54(d) and (e) and Article 89(c) and (d) of the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Angola, the administration of the country be effectively decentralized and deconcentrated.
5. Within the framework of National Reconciliation and without prejudice to the principle of national unity, the concretization [sic] of decentralization and administrative deconcentration, as stipulated in Paragraph 4(d) of the General Principles, shall be carried out.
Civil Administration Reform
2002
The 2002 Luena Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) calls for continuing and completing the implementation of the 1994 Lusaka Protocol which calls for extensive local powersharing in the form of civilian administration quotas for UNITA officials. In all, 150 administrative positions are mentioned in the Lusaka text, although it is likely that the 4 governor positions and 7 deputy governor positions will receive the bulk of media attention.
It is important to note that substantial progress was made regarding the appointment of UNITA officials to administrative positions in Angola prior to the Luena agreement. President Dos Santos showed a credible commitment to fulfilling this part of the Accord. State-run television in Angola ran a story on 16 March 1998 that standing governors and deputy governors were being relieved of their jobs throughout Angola so that Dos Santos could reappoint UNITA representatives to those posts, as agreed upon in the Lusaka Protocol.
Angolan TV reported that “the president of the republic today issued two decrees relieving Manuel Goncalves Mwandumba, Serafim Ananito Alexandre, and Manuel Dala from their posts as governors of Uige, Lunda Sul, and Cuando Cubango Provinces, respectively. To fill the above posts, the head of state appointed 3 new governors proposed by UNITA. They were Joao Domingos Manzahila, Domingos Oliveira, and Jose Cativa, who will be governors of Uige, Lunda Sul, and Cuando Cubango Provinces, respectively. The president of the republic also appointed 7 deputy governors proposed by UNITA: Bernardo Prata, Americo Chimina, Moises Chivemba, Jose Soma Gaspar, Manuel Bunjo, Antonio Tonga, and Campos Tomas, deputy governors of Benguela, Huambo, Bie, Huila, Luanda, Cuanza Sul, and Bengo Provinces, respectively.”1
As for the remaining municipal and local positions, Ibrahim Gambari, the Chairman of the Joint Commission on Implementation, made the following statement to the press in September, which demonstrates the government’s intentions and commitment at that time to making all of the required appointments: “Under the Lusaka Protocol, UNITA is entitled to designate four ministers, seven deputy ministers, six ambassadors, three provincial governors, seven vice governors, 30 municipal administrators, 35 vice municipal administrators, and 75 communal area administrators.”2
Regarding the remaining appointments, a UNITA representative made a statement to the press in September of 2002 which indicated that UNITA was satisfied by the level of UNITA appointments that were being made. According to the UNITA spokesperson, “among the issues to be decided were the appointment of ambassadors, provincial governors, and a couple of local administrators.”3
- “President Dos Santos Appoints New Governors Proposed By UNITA,” BBC Monitoring Africa, March 18, 1998.
- “Angola: Interior Minister Nando Denies Alleged Attempt to Stall Peace Process,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, September 18, 2002.
- “Angola: Consolidation of Peace Process a Priority, Says UN Envoy,” Africa News, September 17, 2002.
2003
In July of 2003, the Governor of Northern Uije Province Lazaro Xixima, Municipal Administer Jose Miranda, and Deputy Milunga Raimundo were all removed from their positions. UNITA officials Bernardo Francisco, Deputy Maria Carlota, and Mario Miguel Esperanca were appointed to the vacant posts.1
2004
In 2004, UNITA’s Secretary for Information, Adalberto da Costa Junior, told journalists that several tasks remained in the implementation of the Lusaka Protocol and mentioned the swearing in of UNITA administrators and remaining local level appointments. This statement suggests that most of the positions had been filled.1
2005
No further developments observed.
2006
No further developments observed.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
2011
No further developments observed.
CHAPTER 1: SUBJECT AND PRINCIPLES:
1 — SUBJECT
1.2. The objective of the Memorandum of Understanding is collaboration between the parties for the resolution of negative military factors posing an obstacle to the Lusaka Protocol, and the creation of conditions for its definitive conclusion.
2 — FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
2.2. The parties reiterate their unequivocal acceptance of the validity of pertinent political-juridical instruments, namely the Lusaka Protocol and UN Security Council resolutions related to the Angolan peace process.
LUSAKA PROTOCOL
Annex 6: Agenda Item II.4: National Reconciliation: I. General Principles:
4. National Reconciliation implies: (c) That, in the pursuit of national interest, UNITA members participate adequately at all levels and in the various institutions of political, administrative and economic activity.
II. SPECIFIC PRINCIPLES
10. In order to cement National Reconciliation, the principle of the participation of UNITA members, including those professionally qualified to carry out public administration functions, namely teachers, health workers and technical staff, at the various levels of administrative and economic activity of the State, including the mass media and public enterprise sectors, shall be implemented through their incorporation, as far as possible, taking into consideration their technical and professional skills and the provisions of the law and of the Lusaka Protocol.
16. The UNITA leaders installed in office in the various political, military and administrative structures of the State shall enjoy the privileges and benefits attached to their office, as prescribed by the legislation in force.
III. MODALITIES
Document relating to UNITA’s participation in the central, provincial and local administration and in the diplomatic missions abroad, in accordance with article 1 of the modalities of national reconciliation.
2. Posts in the Provincial Administration
(i) Provincial Governors
1. Governor ol Uige
2. Governor of Lunda Sul
3. Governor of Kuando Kubango
(ii) Deputy Provincial Governors
1. Deputy Governor of Luanda
2 Deputy Governor of Bengo
3. Deputy-Governor of Kwanza Sul
4. Deputy Governor of Benguela
5 Deputy Governor of Huambo
6. Deputy Governor or Bic
7. Deputy Governor of Huila
3. Posts in the Local Administration
(i) Municipal Administrators
1 Administrator of Caimbambo
2. Administrator of Camacupa
3. Administrator of Gonuuembo
4 Administrator of Cassongue
5. Administrator ol Curoca
6. Administrator of Huambo
7. Administrator of Eciinha
8. Administrator of Gambos
9. Administrator of Lubnlo
10. Administrator of Liiqucmbo
11. Administrator of Lena
12. Administrator of Camucuio
13. Administrator of Mucaba
14. Administrator of Quitexe
15. Administrator of Calahola
16. Administrator of Chilembo
17. Administrator of Cuimba
18. Administrator of Luchazes
19. Administrator of Londuimbale
20. Administrator of Bembe
21. Administrator of Ganda
22. Administrator of Quiculungo
23. Administrator of Quilenda
24. Administrator of Cilai
25. Administrator of Ingombolas
26. Administrator of Cuito Cuanavale
27. Administrator of Banga
28. Administrator of Caluiiucmbc
29. Administrator of Puri
30. Administrator of Ouela
(ii) Deputy Municipal Administrators
1. Deputy Administrator of Dande
2. Deputy Administrator of Baia Farta
3. Deputy Administrator of Buco Zau
4. Deputy Administrator of Mavinga
5. Deputy Administrator of Samba Caju
6 Deputy Administrator of Gohmgo Alio
7 Deputy Administrator of Waco Kimgo
8. Deputy Administrator of Caluma
9. Deputy Administrator of Bailuiulo
10. Deputy Administrator of Gitchiungo
11. Deputy Administrator of Caconda
12. Deputy Administrator of Viana
(Note: Number 13 is missing from the accord)
14. Deputy Administrator of Cuchi
15. Deputy Administrator of Cazenga
16. Deputy Administrator of Cuilo
17. Deputy Administrator of Cangandaia
17. Deputy Administrator of Caombo
18 Deputy Administrator of Alto Zamhcze
19. Deputy Administrator of Namilic
20. Deputy Administrator of Macocola
21. Deputy Administrator of IJige
22 Deputy Administrator of Tomboco
23 Deputy Administrator of Balombo
24. Deputy Administrator of Cassinga
25. Deputy Administrator of Longonjo
26. Deputy Administrator of Amboim
27. Deputy Administrator of Andulo
28. Deputy Administrator of Miisscndc
29. Deputy Administrator of Luhango
30. Deputy Administrator of Dala
31. Deputy Administrator of Malanjc
32. Deputy Administrator of Bula Alumha
33 Deputy Administrator of Chinguar
34 Deputy Administrator of Cuvelai
35. Deputy Administrator of Lobno
(iii) Administrators of Communes
1. Administrator of Terra Nova
2 Administrator of Cassequal
3. Administrator of Demba Chio
4. Administrator of Tabi
5. Administrator of Cutio Fula
6. Administrator of Songo
7. Administrator of Caxinga
8. Administrator of Ngola Luige
9. Administrator of Ltiemba
10. Administrator of Quihuhu
11. Administrator of Lufico
12. Administrator of Quiquiemba
13. Administrator of Sanga
14. Administrator of Pambangala
15. Administrator of Quissenguc
16. Administrator of Quiciiha
17. Administrator of Dotera
18. Administrator of Chila
19. Administrator of Cliingoiigo
20. Administrator of Chicuma
21. Administrator of Calima
22. Administrator of Cacoma
23. Administrator of Cambândua
24. Administrator of Camera
25. Administrator of Caicie
26. Administrator of Soma Cuaiua
27. Administrator of Cassamha
28. Administrator of Mnangai
29. Administrator of Lumi Cassai
30. Administrator of Liiangue
31. Administrator of Capaia
32. Administrator of Calepi
33. Administrator of Ciilenda
34. Administrator of Galangue
35. Administrator of Calima
36. Administrator of Mucopc
37. Administrator of Lupiri
38. Administrator of Savaic
39. Administrator of Mane
40. Administrator of Cucio
41. Administrator of Umpulo
42. Administrator of Monte Belo
43. Administrator of Cuima
44. Administrator of Chiaca
45. Administrator of Chivaúlo
46. Administrator of Tempité
47. Administrator of Qiiimboa
48. Administrator of Cambamba
49. Administrator of Cuilo
50. Administrator of Miicusso
51. Administrator of Bolonguera
52. Administrator of lava Calabula
53. Administrator of Diiige
54. Administrator of Ciituile
55. Administrator of Muiiliango
56. Administrator of Massangano
57. Administrator of Kunjo
58. Administrator of Dala Cachibo
59. Administrator of Vicuniio
60. Administrator of Songuc
61. Administrator of Cilcco Cangola
62. Administrator of Bmibc
63. Administrator of Mala
64. Administrator of Bânualas
65. Administrator of Oui.ssanjc
66. Administrator of Calussinga
67. Administrator of Caiiulc
68. Administrator of Bolongonyo
69. Administrator of Luinga
70. Administrator of Quindcjc
71. Administrator of Quingombc
72. Administrator of Niiula
73. Administrator of Gamba
74. Administrator of Cassanjo
75. Administrator of Cucumbi
Dispute Resolution Committee
2002
The Joint Military Commission was set up on the day of the ceasefire and began issuing reports on the demobilization process right away.1 The Joint Military Commission spokesperson, General Francisco Furtado, announced that the integration of UNITA military forces into the Angolan Armed Forces (FAA) and National Police would commence on 19 July 2002.2 On 23 October, it was announced that the Joint Commission (the United Nations, UNITA, the Government) had begun reviewing the process of social reintegration of demobilized soldiers.3
In November of 2002 the Joint Military Commission announced that it had met all of its objectives and would dissolve.4
- “Angola Says 25,000 UNITA Rebels Now In Demob Camps,” Agence France Presse, May 3, 2002.
- “Angola: UNITA Soldiers To Be Integrated Into Armed Forces, Police on 19 July,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, July 10, 2002.
- “Angola: Joint Commission Reviews Reintegration of Ex-Soldiers,” Africa News, October 23, 2002.
- “Angola’s Joint Peace Commission is Dissolved,” Agence France Presse, November 21, 2002.
2003
No further developments observed.
2004
No further developments observed.
2005
No further developments observed.
2006
No further developments observed.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
2011
No further developments observed.
2 – INTERPRETATION
2.1 Differences in interpretation or implementation of the Memorandum of Understanding are to be submitted to the Joint Military Commission for resolution in a spirit of friendship, tolerance and understanding.
Military Reform
2002
The Joint Military Commission spokesperson General Francisco Furtado had announced that the integration of UNITA military forces into the Angolan Armed Forces (FAA) and National Police would commence on 19 July.1 In July, a total of 30 UNITA generals joined the FAA as part of the military integration process.2 The government of Angola reported in August that 224 UNITA troops had been sworn into the national army.3
- “Angola: UNITA Soldiers to be Integrated into Armed Forces, Police on 19 July,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, July 10, 2002.
- “Angola: 30 UNITA Generals Join National Army as Integration of Forces Begins,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, July 18, 2002.
- “Angola Gets Unified Army,” Xinhua General News Service, August 1, 2002.
2003
The Angolan Government reported that 5,007 UNITA troops had been drafted into the Angolan Armed Forces (FAA), completing the stipulations of the Luena Memorandum of Understanding and the Lusaka Protocol. According to the announcement, four generals, eight lieutenant-generals, 18 brigadiers, 40 colonels, 60 lieutenant-colonels, 100 majors, 150 captains, 200 lieutenants, 250 sub-lieutenants, 300 aspirants, 300 sergeants, and 3,577 simple soldiers were drafted into the national army. Another 40 generals were incorporated into the National Police: four were lieutenant-generals and 14 were brigadiers who were under the FAA General Staff.1
2004
No further developments observed.
2005
No further developments observed.
2006
No further developments observed.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
2011
No further developments observed.
CHAPTER 1: SUBJECT AND PRINCIPLES:
1 — SUBJECT
1.2. The objective of the Memorandum of Understanding is collaboration between the parties for the resolution of negative military factors posing an obstacle to the Lusaka Protocol, and the creation of conditions for its definitive conclusion.
2 — FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
2.2. The parties reiterate their unequivocal acceptance of the validity of pertinent political-juridical instruments, namely the Lusaka Protocol and UN Security Council resolutions related to the Angolan peace process.
LUSAKA PROTOCOL
C) INTEGRATION OF GENERAL OFFICERS, SENIOR OFFICERS, JUNIOR OFFICERS, NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS AND JUNIOR ENLISTED PERSONNEL COMING FROM THE MILITARY FORCES OF UNITA
3.6 The Government proceeds, in the interest of national reconciliation, through the General Staff of the Angolan Armed Forces, to the integration into the Angolan Armed Forces of general officers, senior officers, junior officers, non-commissioned officers and junior enlisted personnel from UNITA Military Forces, in accordance with existing vacancies.
3.7 In this regard, the process of integrating general officers, senior officers, junior officers, non-commissioned officers and junior enlisted personnel from the Military Forces of UNITA encompasses the following:
a) The incorporation into the Angolan Armed Forces and the awarding of rank to general officers, senior officers, junior officers, and rate to non-commissioned officers and junior enlisted personnel from UNITA Military Forces, in accordance with existing vacancies.
b) The preparation and operational assignment of general officers, senior officers, junior officers, non-commissioned officers and junior enlisted personnel from UNITA Military Forces.
ANNEX 2
TO THE COMPLEMENTARY MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING TO THE LUSAKA PROTOCOL FOR THE CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES AND RESOLUTION OF REMAINING MILITARY ISSUES PENDING UNDER THE TERMS OF THE LUSAKA PROTOCOL DOCUMENT RELATED TO THE INTEGRATION INTO THE ANGOLAN ARMED FORCES OF GENERAL OFFICERS, SENIOR OFFICERS, JUNIOR OFFICERS, NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS AND JUNIOR ENLISTED PERSONNEL COMING FROM UNITA MILITARY FORCES, IN ACCORDANCE WITH EXISTING VACANCIES
The delegation of the Angolan Armed Forces and the delegation of UNITA Military Forces to the military talks agree to the following concerning the integration into the Angolan Armed Forces of general officers, senior officers, junior officers, non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel coming from UNITA Military Forces, in accordance with existing vacancies:
1. The integration of active duty personnel coming from UNITA Military Forces as based in the principle of overall incorporation and, in continuing action, the incorporation of general officers, senior officers, junior officers and non-commissioned officers, sergeants and other enlisted personnel and the subsequent demobilization and social-professional reintegration of remaining personnel.
2. The designation of general officers, senior officers, junior officers, sergeants and other enlisted personnel coming from UNITA Military Forces to be integrated into the FAA is the
responsibility of the High General Staff of UNITA Military Forces.
3. The incorporation into the FAA and awarding of rank to general officers, senior officers and
junior officers, and rate to sergeants and other enlisted personnel is the responsibility of the FAA General Staff, in accordance with the below military personnel list:
MILITARY PERSONNEL LIST
DESIGNATION:
GENERAL 4
LIEUTENANT GENERAL 8
BRIGADIER GENERAL 18
COLONEL 40
LIEUTENANT COLONEL 60
MAJOR 100
CAPTAIN 150
LIEUTENANT 200
lst LIEUTENANT 250
CADET 300
SERGEANT MAJOR 20
SERGEANT 30
1st SERGEANT 50
2ND SERGEANT 200
CORPORAL 500
PRIVATE 3077
TOTAL 5007
4. The incorporation into the FAA and awarding of rank to remaining general officers, namely 6 Lieutenant Generals and 14 Brigadier Generals, and their placement as general officers at the disposition of the FAA general Staff.
Police Reform
2002
The Joint Military Commission spokesperson General Francisco Furtado announced that the integration of UNITA military forces into the Angolan Armed Forces (FAA) and National Police would commence on 19 July 2002.1
- “Angola: UNITA Soldiers to be Integrated into Armed Forces, Police on 19 July,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, July 10, 2002.
2003
The Angolan government reported that 40 UNITA generals were incorporated into positions within the National Police, fulfilling the requirements of the Luena and Lusaka Accords.1
2004
No further developments observed.
2005
No further developments observed.
2006
No further developments observed.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
2011
No further developments observed.
CHAPTER 1: SUBJECT AND PRINCIPLES:
1 — SUBJECT
1.2. The objective of the Memorandum of Understanding is collaboration between the parties for the resolution of negative military factors posing an obstacle to the Lusaka Protocol, and the creation of conditions for its definitive conclusion.
2 — FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
2.2. The parties reiterate their unequivocal acceptance of the validity of pertinent political-juridical instruments, namely the Lusaka Protocol and UN Security Council resolutions related to the Angolan peace process.
LUENA MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
Chapter II: Agenda for the Memorandum of Understanding:
3. Cesassion of Hostilities and Pending MIlitary Issues under the Terms of the Lusaka Protocol.
D) Integration into the National Police of General Officers and Senior Officers Coming From the Military Forces of UNITA:
3.8 The Government, in the interest of national reconciliation, through the General Command of the National Police, proceeds to the integration into the National Police of some general officers and senior officers coming from UNITA Military Forces, in accordance with existing vacancies.
3.9. In this regard, the process of integrating general officers and senior officers coming from UNITA Military Forces encompasses the following:
a) The incorporation into the National Police and awarding of rank to commissioners and superintendents coming from UNITA Military Forces, in accordance with existing vacancies.
b) The preparation and operational assignment of commissioners and superintendents coming from UNITA Military Forces.
ANNEX 3
TO THE COMPLEMENTARY MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING TO THE LUSAKA PROTOCOL FOR THE CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES AND RESOLUTION OF REMAINING MILITARY ISSUES PENDING UNDER THE TERMS OF THE LUSAKA PROTOCOL
DOCUMENT RELATED TO THE INTEGRATION INTO THE NATIONAL POLICE OF GENERAL OFFICERS AND SENIOR OFFICERS COMING FROM UNITA MILITARY FORCES, IN ACCORDANCE WITH EXISTING VACANCIES
The delegation of the Angolan Armed Forces and the delegation of UNITA Military Forces to the military talks, agree on the following regarding the integration into the National Police of general officers and senior officers coming from UNITA Military Forces, in accordance with existing vacancies.
1. The designation of general officers and senior officers coming from UNITA Armed Forces to integrate the National Police is the responsibility of the High General Staff of UNITA Military Forces.
2. The incorporation into the National Police and awarding of rank to commissioners and superintendents is the responsibility of the General Command of the National Police, in accordance with the below list of National Police personnel.
LIST OF MILITARY PERSONNEL
DESIGNATION:
DEPUTY COMMISSIONER 3
1st SUPERINTENDENT 5
SUPERINTENDENT 14
ADMINISTRATOR 18
TOTAL 40
Demobilization
2002
On 30 March 2002, FAA leader G. S. Nunda and UNITA leader Kamorteiro signed a ceasefire agreement ending the civil war.1
UNITA troops began to travel to the assembly points identified in the Luena Agreement on the same day the agreement was officially signed. UNITA General Samuel Chiwale, a member of the Supreme Command of UNITA forces, instructed his troops to report to the assembly points in the Luena Agreement immediately.2
In late April, the Angolan Embassy in Windhoek reported that more than 9,000 UNITA soldiers had entered 33 demobilization areas across Angola since the ceasefire.3
As of May, some 25,000 UNITA troops had turned themselves in to the demobilization camps.4
- “Angola Signs Ceasefire with UNITA Rebels,” Reuters News Agency, March 30, 2002.
- “UNITA Forces in Northern Front Begin Implementing Luena Accord,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, April 4, 2002.
- “Angola: UNITA Soldiers Give Themselves Up,” Africa News, April 29, 2002.
- “Angola Says 25,000 UNITA Rebels Now in Demob Camps,” Agence France Presse, May 3, 2002.
2003
By the end of January, about 90,000 ex-soldiers had been registered in the assembly areas.1
The government reported that 35 UNITA confinement areas, holding 100,000 demobilized UNITA soldiers and their families, would be shut down by the end of February. Under the timeline of the Luena Memorandum of Understanding, the confinement areas should close by the end of 2002.2
The Angolan Peace Monitor reported that social reintegration programs were being planned to provide professional training for the 105,000 former UNITA fighters and 33,000 former FAA fighters that had been demobilized.[fn]”Angola: Government Says Resettlement and Reintegration of Ex-Soldiers On Track,” Africa News, September 16, 2003.[/efn_note]
- “Angola: Demobilisation and Reintegration Obstacles Highlighted,” Africa News, February 13, 2003.
- “Angola: UNITA Confinement Areas to Close Down by End of February,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, February 5, 2003.
2004
Social reintegration programs continue; no further reports on demobilization found.
2005
Social reintegration programs continue; no further reports on demobilization found.
2006
Social reintegration programs continue; no further reports on demobilization found.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
2011
No further developments observed.
CHAPTER 1: SUBJECT AND PRINCIPLES:
1 — SUBJECT
1.2. The objective of the Memorandum of Understanding is collaboration between the parties for the resolution of negative military factors posing an obstacle to the Lusaka Protocol, and the creation of conditions for its definitive conclusion.
2 — FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
2.2. The parties reiterate their unequivocal acceptance of the validity of pertinent political-juridical instruments, namely the Lusaka Protocol and UN Security Council resolutions related to the Angolan peace process.
CHAPTER 2: AGENDA FOR THE MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING:
3. Cessation of Hostilities and Pending Military Issues under the Terms of the Lusaka Protocol: B) Disengagement, Quartering and Conclusion of the Demilitarization of UNITA Military Forces:
3.5. In this regard, the Joint Military Commission, with the support of the General Staff of the Angolan Armed Forces, proceeds to the quartering and demilitarization of all units and paramilitary elements of UNITA Military Forces as follows:
a) Providing information, from the High General Staff of UNITA Military Forces to the Joint Military Commission, covering all reliable and verifiable data related to the combat and numerical composition and location of units and paramilitary elements of UNITA Military Forces.
b) The establishment of monitoring mechanisms for the process of demilitarizing UNITA Military Forces.
c) The identification of military units and paramilitary elements of UNITA Military Forces and the establishment of quartering areas for them.
d) The definition of respective itineraries and means of movement, as well as the actual movement to quartering areas by military units and paramilitary elements of UNITA Military Forces.
e) The disengagement from stationing locations and movement to quartering areas of military units and paramilitary elements of UNITA Military Forces.
f) The reception, housing and feeding, as well as registration in quartering areas of personnel from military units and paramilitary elements of UNITA Military Forces.
E) DEMOBILIZATION OF UNITA MILITARY FORCES PERSONNEL AND THE EXTINCTION OF UNITA MILITARY FORCES
3.10 The parties reiterate their engagement in the scrupulous fulfillment of their commitments and obligations related to the task of demobilizing excess personnel coming from UNITA Military Forces and the extinction of the Military Forces of UNITA (in the spirit foreseen in Annex 4, Point II. 1 of the Work Agenda – Military Issues II of the Lusaka Protocol).
3.11 In this regard, the Joint Military Commission, with the support of the UN, in accordance with the mandate to be given by the UN Security Council or other organs of the UN system, proceeds to the demobilization of excess personnel coming from UNITA Military Forces and the extinction of UNITA Military Forces. The process encompasses the following:
a) The individual demobilization of excess personnel coming from UNITA Military Forces.
b) The formal and final extinction of UNITA Military Forces.
c) The placement of demobilized ex-UNITA Military Forces personnel under the administrative responsibility of the General Staff of the Angolan Armed Forces through its military regions and operational commands.
Annex 1
TO THE COMPLEMENTARY MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING TO THE LUSAKA PROTOCOL FOR THE CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES AND RESOLUTION OF REMAINING MILITARY ISSUES PENDING UNDER THE TERMS OF THE LUSAKA PROTOCOL
DOCUMENT RELATED TO THE QUARTERING OF UNITA MILITARY FORCES
The Delegation of the Angolan Armed Forces and the Delegation of UNITA Military Forces to the military talks, regarding the quartering of UNITA Military Forces, agree to the following:
1. Generalities related to quartering
(i) The quartering of Military Forces of UNITA should provide for the living conditions necessary for the accommodation of up to 50,000 military personnel. The breakdown of personnel is as follows: Approximately 12 generals and 47 brigadier generals, around 1,700 senior officers, about 17,350 junior officers, around 3,150 sergeants/noncommissioned officers and about 27,740 other enlisted personnel. They will remain for a specified period of time from initial reception until their integration into the FAA and National Police or, in the case of demobilized personnel, social-professional reintegration.
(ii) The quartering areas should have a working structure that is exceptionally well managed, with a capacity to accommodate up to 1,600 military personnel, and with security and easy access.
(iii) The quartering of UNITA Military Forces also implies on the one hand, the accommodation of 12 generals and 47 brigadier generals in cities close to the quartering areas. On the other hand, it also requires the organization and the arrangement of locations for the installation of military families near the quartering areas. The number of family members, including men, women and children could reach 300,000.
(iv) Living arrangements and initial emergency assistance for families of UNITA Military Forces personnel, as well as facilitating their reintegration in small activities producing goods and services, that is, projects for the rapid generation of income in the agriculture sector, rural commerce and other possible areas, is to be guaranteed by competent organs and entities of the state administration in strict collaboration the General Staff of the FAA, with the participation of the UN in accordance with the mandate to be given by the UN Security Council or other organs of the UN System.
2. The Structure of the Quartering Area
(i) The quartering area has the following structure: The leadership of the quartering area is to include a Commander, a Deputy Commander, a Civic Education Officer, a Personnel Officer, a Weapons Officer, and a Communications Officer, to be designated from among the quartered personnel by the High General Staff of UNITA Military Forces. The Services and Support Group is to be comprised of a guard and garrison, a radio post, a medical post, cooking facilities and dining area, and a transportation section, designated from among the personnel to be quartered by the High General Staff of the UNITA Military Forces. Up to 16 companies of quartered personnel, each comprised of 100 military personnel.
(ii) The Commander of the quartering area is subordinate to the Commander of the Work Team from the General Staff of the FAA and is the individual responsible for the operation and discipline of the quartering area.
3. Management of the Quartering Areas
(i) The management of the quartering areas is undertaken by the General Staff of the FAA through a Work Team headed by an Angolan Armed Forces general integrated from UNITA Military Forces, and with the cooperation of the UN, in accordance with a mandate to be given by the UN Security Council or other organs of the UN system that lend technical assistance to the organization and management, as well as support in material means.
(ii) The locations for the installation of military families of members of UNITA Military Forces are materially supported and administratively managed by competent organs of state administration in strict collaboration with the FAA General Staff, in addition to the participation of the UN in accordance with a mandate to be given by the UN Security Council or other organs of the UN system that lend technical assistance to the organization and management, as well as material means.
4. Quartering Area Locations
(i) For personnel of UNITA Military Forces in the northern region: Madimba, township of Madimba, municipality of M’Banza Congo, Zaire Province; Vale do Logo, township of Vale do Loge, municipality of Bembe, Uige Province; Wamba, township of Wamba, municipality of Sanza Pombo, Uige Province; Fazenda Santa Cruz, township of Quibaxi, municipality of Quibaxi, Bengo Province; Town of Mussabo, municipality of Samba-Caju. Kwanza-Nortc Province.
(ii) For personnel of UNITA Military Forces in the northeast region: Capaia, township of Capaia, municipality of Lucapa, Lunda Norte Province; Damba Penitenciaria, township of Cátala, municipality of Caculama, Malange Province; Ganga Sol, township of Quissole, municipality of Malange, Malange Province. Chinege, township of Muriege, municipality of Muconda, Lunda Sul Province. N’Guimbi, township of Xá-Muteba, municipality of Xá-Muteba, Lunda Norte Province.
(iii) For personnel of UNITA Military Forces in the central region: Gando, township of Cambandua, municipality of Kuito, Biao Province; Capeça, township of Belo Horizonte, municipality of Cunhinga, Biao Province; Ponte do Rio Cacuchi, township of Cachingues, municipality of Chitembo, Biao Province; Sachitembo, township of Sambo, municipality of Tchikala Tchaloanga, Huambo Province; Lunge, township of Lunge, municipality of Bailundo, Huambo Province; Menga, township of Galanga, municipality of Londuimbale, Huambo Province; Chingongo, township of Chingongo, municipality of Balombo, Benguela Province; Fazenda Caporolo, township of Caporolo, municipality of Chongoroi, Benguela Province; Tchissamba, township of Mussende, municipality of Mussende, Kuanza Sul Province.
(iv) For personnel of UNITA Military Forces in the east region: ChÃcala, township of Cangumbe, municipality of Moxico, Moxico Province; Calapo, township of Lucusse, municipality of Moxico, Moxico Province.
(v) For personnel of UNITA Military Forces in the military zone of Cazumbo: CaÃala, township of Calunda, municipality of Alto Zambeze, Moxico Province,
(vi) For personnel of UNITA Military Forces in the south region: Quilametro 50, township of Galangue, municipality of Chipindo, Huila Province; Kamuambo, township of Mupa, municipality of Cuvelai, Cuncne Province.
(vii) For personnel of UNITA Military Forces in Menongue: Soba Matias, township of Soba Matias, municipality of Menongue, Kuando Kubango Province.
Disarmament
2002
In July, it was reported that 5,000 weapons had been turned in from 123,510 people registered at the confinement sites.1
In November, the United Nation’s Angola Sanctions Monitoring Committee reported that UNITA’s commanders were turning over large quantities of weapons to the Angolan government as part of the demilitarization process.2
- “Angola: UNITA Soldiers Hand Over Weapons to Government,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, July 5, 2002.
- “Angola Weapons,” Voice of America News, November 21, 2002.
2003
No further developments observed.
2004
No further developments observed.
2005
No further developments observed.
2006
No further developments observed.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
2011
No further developments observed.
Chapter 2 (B) 3.5 (g): The handing over and, in continuation, the collection, storage and subsequent destruction of the entire armament and equipment of the military units and paramilitary structures of the UNITA armed forces.
Reintegration
2002
The Angolan Government announced that a planned reintegration program, which includes psychological counseling, temporary settlements, general education, and job training for 55,000 former UNITA fighters, would cost an estimated 55 million dollars.1
On 23 October, it was announced that the Joint Commission (the United Nations, UNITA, the Angolan Government) had begun reviewing the process of social reintegration of demobilized soldiers.2
- “Angola: Socio-Economic Reintegration Programme to Cost 55m US Dollars,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, June 8, 2002.
- “Angola: Joint Commission Reviews Reintegration of Ex-Soldiers,” Africa News, October 23, 2002.
2003
United Nations officials in Angola announced in January that the reintegration program for some 8,000 child soldiers into society had officially begun.1
Speaking at the official opening of the program, the Social Reintegration Minister, Joao Kussumua, announced that the government had made available 125 million dollars for social reintegration programs for former UNITA soldiers and their families.2
After a 4 day visit in August, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees gave the social reintegration programs high marks for their progress over the first six months.3
- “Angola: Reintegration of Child Soldiers Underway,” Africa News, January 15, 2003.
- “Angola Earmarks 125m Dollars for Former UNITA Soldiers’ Reintegration,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, January 29, 2003.
- “Angola: UN High Commissioner for Refugees in Luanda, Says Reintegration of Ex-UNITA Soldiers Remarkable,” Africa News, August 22, 2003.
2004
Officials from the World Bank, UNDP, and FAO conducted an assessment mission in Huambo on the social reintegration of UNITA soldiers. During the assessment, 50 demobilized UNITA troops received farming kits comprised of various seeds, hoes, files, and harvesting equipment.1
The World Bank donated 33 million USD for the social reintegration of former UNITA combatants and National Army troops.2
In June, two 45-day training courses on plumbing and electrical work commenced in the Balombo municipality.3
Sean Bradley, the World Bank Coordinator for Reintegration, remarked in October that he was not dissatisfied with the amount of progress made thus far. According to Bradley, “Around 50,000 ex-combatants received basic seeds and tools to restart subsistence agriculture activities and about 4,700 were currently involved in economic reintegration activities.”4
- “Angola: Huambo: World Bank Mission Assesses Ex-Soldiers Reintegration Process,” Africa News, February 20, 2004.
- “Angola: World Bank to Grant USD 33 Million for Social Reintegration,” Africa News, April 1, 2004.
- “Angola: Benguela: Ex-Soldiers Envisage Social and Economic Reintegration,” Africa News, June 2, 2004.
- “Angola: More Needs to Be Done for Reintegration of Former Soldiers,” Africa News, October 29, 2004.
2005
The Institute of Socio-Professional Reintegration of Ex-Militaries (IRSEM) and participating NGOs met in central Bie to assess ongoing social reintegration programs and to develop improved strategies.1
2006
A Portuguese NGO (Cooperation, Interchange and Culture) devoted 323,000 USD to the social reintegration of 802 UNITA soldiers in the central Huambo province. The program provided training courses on raising cattle, making fertilizer, carpentry, and the organization of trade and markets. After taking the courses, the participants received equipment associated with their areas of training.1
The Angolan government reported that, as of September, social reintegration programs had been implemented in 17 of Angola’s 18 provinces.2
The UNITA and Government Bilateral Committee reported in October that 107 social reintegration programs were implemented with 82,000 ex-soldiers receiving some kind of job training and assistance package.3
- “Angola: Portuguese NGO Invests USD 323,000 for Ex-Soldiers’ Reintegration,” Africa News, July 13, 2006.
- “Angola: $28 Million Used in Demobilisation, Reintegration Programme,” Africa News, September 6, 2006.
- “Angola: Government, UNITA Analyse Ex-Soldiers Reintegration,” Africa News, October 26, 2006.
2007
In 2007, an American NGO (Care International) spent 1.3 million USD on social reintegration programs in the Bie province, which provided training and equipment to 3,600 demobilized soldiers in the area.1
- “Angola: Bié – NGO Spends Over USD One Million in Reintegration of Ex-Soldiers,” Africa News, November 30, 2007.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
2011
No further developments observed.
CHAPTER 2: AGENDA FOR THE MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING:
3. CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES AND PENDING MILITARY ISSUES UNDER THE TERMS OF THE LUSAKA PROTOCOL: (F) SOCIAL AND PROFESSIONAL REINTEGRATION OF DEMOBILIZED EXMILITARY FORCES OF UNITA PERSONNEL INTO THE NATIONAL LIFE
3.12. The parties reiterate their engagement in the scrupulous fulfillment of their commitments and obligations related to the task of social reintegration of demobilized personnel (in the spirit foreseen in Annex 4, point II. 1 of the Work Agenda – Military Issues II of the Lusaka Protocol).
3.13 In this regard, the Government, through the General Staff of the Angolan Armed Forces and competent public organizations and services, with the participation of UNITA and with the assistance of the international community, proceeds to the reintegration of demobilized personnel into civil society under a program of socio-professional reintegration.
3.14 The social and professional reintegration of demobilized personnel from the ex-UNITA Military Forces encompasses the following:
a) The protection, housing and feeding of ex-UNITA Military Forces personnel in preparation centers.
b) The professional preparation of ex-UNITA Military Forces personnel regarding their competence to enter the national labor market. This will be accomplished by way of an urgent and special social reintegration program.
ANNEX 4
TO THE COMPLEMENTARY MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING TO THE LUSAKA PROTOCOL FOR THE CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES AND RESOLUTION OF REMAINING MILITARY ISSUES PENDING UNDER THE TERMS OF THE LUSAKA PROTOCOL
DOCUMENT RELATED TO THE SOCIAL-PROFESSIONAL REINTEGRATION OF DEMOBILIZED EX-UNITA MILITARY FORCES PERSONNEL
The delegation of the Angolan Armed Forces and the delegation of UNITA Military Forces to the military talks, agree to the following concerning the social-professional reintegration of demobilized ex-UNITA Military Forces personnel:
1. The social-professional reintegration of demobilized ex-UNITA Military Forces personnel consists of ascribing civic value and undertaking socio-economic promotion by competent organs and entities of the state in strict cooperation with the FAA General Staff and with the support of the UN, in accordance with the mandate to be given by the UN Security Council or other agencies of the UN system. To achieve this end, it is considered imperative to:
(i) Guarantee initial assistance to demobilized ex-UNITA Military Forces personnel,
(ii) Guarantee general and specific preparation of ex-UNITA Military Forces personnel,
(iii) Assure their supported reintegration into national life.
2. The process of social-professional reintegration of ex-UNITA Military Forces personnel is to be realized by the following different means:
(i) The social-professional reintegration of ex-UNITA Military Forces personnel into the National Reconstruction Service.
(ii) The social-professional reintegration of ex-UNITA Military Forces personnel into the national labor market, namely the public sector and private sector.
(iii) The social-professional reintegration of ex-UNITA Military Forces personnel into the Population Resettlement Program.
3. The number of ex-UNITA Military Forces personnel subject to social-professional reintegration may reach 45,000.
Paramilitary Groups
2002
According to the International Institute for Strategic Studies, UNITA consisted of some 100,000 troops and some 10,000 paramilitary members.1
UNITA troops were given 45 days to turn themselves in and began to travel to the assembly points identified in the Luena Agreement. UNITA General Samuel Chiwale, a member of the Supreme Command of UNITA forces, instructed his troops to report to the assembly points in the Luena agreement immediately.2
From April to May, some 25,000 UNITA troops had turned themselves in to the demobilization camps. It was estimated that UNITA’s force size was around 55,000 at the time of the Luena Accord in April 2002.3
- “Factfile on Angola,” Agence France Presse, April 2, 2003.
- “UNITA Forces in Northern Front Begin Implementing Luena Accord,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, April 4, 2002.
- “Angola Says 25,000 UNITA Rebels Now in Demob Camps,” Agence France Presse, May 3, 2002.
2003
By the end of January, about 90,000 ex-soldiers had been registered in the assembly areas — 35,000 more troops than estimated.1
The government reported that 35 UNITA confinement areas, holding over 100,000 demobilized UNITA soldiers and their families, would be shut down by the end of February. Under the timeline of the Luena Memorandum of Understanding, the confinement areas would close by the end of 2002.2
- “Angola: Demobilisation and Reintegration Obstacles Highlighted,” Africa News, February 13, 2003.
- “Angola: UNITA Confinement Areas to Close Down by End of February,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, February 5, 2003.
2004
No further developments observed.
2005
No further developments observed.
2006
No further developments observed.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
2011
No further developments observed.
B) DISENGAGEMENT, QUARTERING AND CONCLUSION OF THE DEMILITARIZATION OF UNITA MILITARY FORCES
3.4 The parties reiterate their engagement in the scrupulous fulfillment of their commitments and obligations related to the task of quartering and demilitarizing of UNITA Military Forces (in the spirit foreseen in Annex 3, point II. 1 of the Work Agenda – Military Issues I of the Lusaka Protocol).
3.5 In this regard, the Joint Military Commission, with the support of the General Staff of the Angolan Armed Forces, proceeds to the quartering and demilitarization of all units and paramilitary elements of UNITA Military Forces as follows:
a) Providing information, from the High General Staff of UNITA Military Forces to the Joint Military Commission, covering all reliable and verifiable data related to the combat and numerical composition and location of units and paramilitary elements of UNITA Military Forces.
b) The establishment of monitoring mechanisms for the process of demilitarizing UNITA Military Forces.
c) The identification of military units and paramilitary elements of UNITA Military Forces and the establishment of quartering areas for them.
d) The definition of respective itineraries and means of movement, as well as the actual movement to quartering areas by military units and paramilitary elements of UNITA Military Forces.
e) The disengagement from stationing locations and movement to quartering areas of military units and paramilitary elements of UNITA Military Forces.
f) The reception, housing and feeding, as well as registration in quartering areas of personnel from military units and paramilitary elements of UNITA Military Forces.
g) The turn-in and continuous process of collecting all armament and equipment of military units and paramilitary elements of UNITA Military Forces.
Human Rights
2002
The 2002 Luena Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) calls for continuing and completing the implementation of the 1994 Lusaka Protocol. The Lusaka Accord or Protocol calls for substantial human rights monitoring, human rights training and education programs for police and officials, and investigative bodies to investigate human rights violations. In November 1995, UNAVEM-3 established a Human Rights Unit with a mandate to verify and monitor the Angolan National Police, the demobilization of the Rapid Reaction Police, and perform criminal investigations of human rights violations throughout Angola.1
Also in 1995, UNAVEM-3 launched a nationwide human rights education program focused on the role of the Lusaka Protocol in the protection of human rights. UNAVEM focused much of its training resources on the treatment of prisoners in detention centers and on human rights training associated with the military integration process.[fn]Ibid.[/efn_note] The Human Rights Division and the Ministry of Justice also established local human rights committees in 4 provinces.2
In the wake of the ceasefire, UN Secretary-General Annan called for an expanded UN mandate. The report mentioned the protection of human rights as a primary goal of the new mission. The mission would be called the United Nations Mission in Angola (UNMA) and would have an initial 6 month mandate.3 Sixty sergeants in the Angolan Armed Forces (FAA) concluded a new human rights course conducted by the UN Human Rights Division.4 In December, forty Angolan National Police instructors took a human rights training course in Luanda.5
- “Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM III),” U.N. Security Council (S/1995/1012), December 7, 1995.
- “Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Observer Mission in Angola (MONUA),” U.N. Security Council (S/1998/524), June 17, 1998.
- “Angola: Annan Calls for Expanded UN Mandate,” Africa News, August 2, 2002.
- “Angola: Huila: FAA Soldiers Instructed On Human Rights,” Africa News, September 9, 2002
- “Angola: Police Instructors Take a Human Rights Course,” Africa News, December 18, 2002.
2003
The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Sergio Vieira de Melo, took a 2 week trip to Angola to tour conditions and meet with leaders.1 Lerena Pinto, a Human Rights Division specialist at the United Nations Office in Angola, told reporters in March that the number of human rights violations had dropped throughout Angola.2
- “UN Human Rights Chief to Visit Angola,” Xinhua General News Service, January 8, 2003.
- “Angola: UN Official Links Drop in Human Rights Violations to Return of Peace,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, March 31, 2003.
2004
Speaking in Luanda, the Secretary General of the United Nations for the Defenders of Human Rights, Hina Jilani, remarked that Angola had made progress in making its legal system suitable for the respect of human rights.1
2005
Sixty-five officials attended a human rights training program in Kuito city held by the National Human Rights Department and the United Nations.1
- “Angola: Bie: Provincial Justice Department Trains 65 Staff in Human Rights,” Africa News, February 15, 2005.
2006
The Justice Ministry established a human rights committee on October 24 in Angola’s northern Cabinda province.1
In the northern UÃge province, 50 officers of the National Police attended the second seminar for police instructors on human rights.2
- “Angola: Human Rights Committee Set Up in Cabinda,” Africa News, October 25, 2006.
- “Angola: Police Officers Attend Human Rights Course,” Africa News, September 20, 2006.
2007
Angola ratified four international human rights conventions on torture, racial discrimination, the rights of migrant workers and their families, and the disabled.1
Police officers, members of the armed forces, state officials, and traditional leaders attended a human rights seminar in central Bie Province promoted by the UN Human Rights Office.2
- “Angola: Government to Ratify Human Rights Convention,” Africa News, June 3, 2007.
- “Angola: Bie – Seminar on Human Rights Ends Today in Kuito,” Africa News, August 15, 2007.
2008
The Government of Angola was commended for its efforts in reforming its human rights conditions by the United Nation’s High Commissioner for Human Rights, Louise Arbour, in Geneva Switzerland.1
2009
Human Rights Watch released a report on government abuses in Cabinda against the separatist group (FLEC) and urged the government to follow due process and respect international human rights laws and norms.1
Angola’s Minister of Human Rights responded in the press and denied the abuses reported by Human Rights Watch. He later visited several prisons in the Cabinda region after meeting with local leaders. While the abuses did likely occur, the interaction showed an increased commitment and engagement by government leaders in the area of human rights.2
- “International Organisation Calls for End to Human Rights Abuses in Angola’s Northern Enclave,” Global Insight, June 23, 2009.
- “Angola: Minister Without Portfolio Denies Human Rights Violation in Cabinda,” Africa News, July 3, 2009.
2010
The Government of Angola delivered its human rights progress report to the 7th session of the Universal Periodical Review (UPR), a UN human rights monitoring mechanism.1
The African Commission on Human and PeoplesÕ Rights (ACHPR) arrived in Luanda to evaluate the implementation of human rights reforms in Angola.2
- “Angola: Optimism on Results of Human Rights Report,” Africa News, February 15, 2010.
- “Angola: AU Mission in to Assess Human Rights,” Africa News, April 19, 2010.
2011
Antonio Bento Bembe, Angola’s State Secretary for Human Rights, told reporters that 2011 would see the most progress in human rights conditions in Angola: “The various actions of the Angolan Government carried out throughout the year that is ending soon show that human rights are a fundamental pillar of its foreign and domestic policy.”1
CHAPTER 1: SUBJECT AND PRINCIPLES:
1 — SUBJECT
1.2. The objective of the Memorandum of Understanding is collaboration between the parties for the resolution of negative military factors posing an obstacle to the Lusaka Protocol, and the creation of conditions for its definitive conclusion.
2 — FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
2.2. The parties reiterate their unequivocal acceptance of the validity of pertinent political-juridical instruments, namely the Lusaka Protocol and UN Security Council resolutions related to the Angolan peace process.
ANNEX 5: AGENDA ITEM II.2: THE POLICE I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
2. The Angolan National Police is governed by the legislation in force, in compliance with the relevant provisions of the Bicesse Accords and the Lusaka Protocol. It discharges its tasks in accordance with the aforesaid instruments and within the letter and spirit of democratic principles and internationally recognized human rights, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
3. The Angolan National Police is a corporate body which, taking into consideration the principles of administrative decentralization, exercises its authority over the whole country at the national, provincial, municipal and communal levels. The activities of the Angolan National Police are carried out within the limits authorized by the legislation in force, respecting the relevant provisions of the Bicesse Accords and the Lusaka Protocol, in strict compliance with the principles of the rule of law and of fundamental freedoms. Except in the specific cases provided for by law, its activities cannot be redirected in any event towards impeding or restricting the exercise by citizens of their political rights of favoring any political party whatsoever. Under the law, the Angolan National Police shall be held responsible for any violation of these principles, without prejudice to any action for criminal or civil liability of any individual member of the police force brought before the relevant Angolan judicial authorities.
4. Members of the Angolan National Police shall be given an appropriate professional training and their equipment shall be adapted to their functions, that is maintenance of public order and security.
ANNEX 6: AGENDA ITEM II.4: NATIONAL RECONCILIATION: I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES:
4. National Reconciliation implies: (b) The respect for the principles of the rule of law, for the fundamental human rights and freedoms as defined by the national legislation in force and by the various legal international instruments to which Angola is a party, including the relevant provisions of the Bicesse Accords and the Lusaka Protocol.
II. Specific Principles:
2. Within the framework of National Reconciliation, the security of citizens, without distinction, the freedoms of speech, professional association and organization of unions, as well as press freedom, provided for and enshrined respectively in Articles 32, 33 and 35 of the Constitutional Law, are guaranteed in accordance with the legislation in force, the Lusaka Protocol and the universal principles of the rule of law.
9. Within the framework of National Reconciliation, the cases of Angolans prevented from exercising their labour rights by circumstances prevailing prior to the signing of the Lusaka Protocol shall be duly considered by the competent State institutions.
17. Within the Framework of National Reconciliation and in conformity with the provisions of Article 120 (3) of the Constitutional Law, the fundamental rights and freedoms of the citizen are guaranteed through the independence of the judiciary.
ANNEX 8: AGENDA ITEM II.3: THE UNITED NATIONS MANDATE, THE ROLE OF THE OBSERVERS OF THE “ACORDOS DE PAZ” AND THE JOINT COMMISSION
A. THE UNITED NATIONS MANDATE I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
10. The Government and UNITA commit themselves to implement the “Acordos de Paz para Angola” (Bicesse), the relevant resolutions of the United Nations Security Council and the Lusaka Protocol, respecting the principles of the rule of law, the general principles of internationally recognized human rights, more particularly, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the fundamental freedoms of the individual, such as defined by the national legislation in force and the various international legal instruments to which Angola adheres.
Amnesty
2002
The day before the signing of the Luena Accord, the Angolan parliament unanimously approved a general amnesty law for UNITA troops who turn themselves in within 45 days of the passage of the bill for “all crimes against the security of the Angolan state.”1
2003
No further developments observed.
2004
No further developments observed.
2005
No further developments observed.
2006
No further developments observed.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
2011
No further developments observed.
CHAPTER 2: AGENDA FOR THE MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
1 GENERAL
1.1. In order to materialize their commitments and obligations under the Lusaka Protocol, the parties accept the following as the Working Agenda for Military Talks:
I – Issues of national reconciliation
Sole item: Amnesty
2.1 The Government guarantees, in the interest of peace and national reconciliation, the approval and publication by competent organs and institutions of the state of the Republic of Angola an Amnesty Law covering all crimes committed in conjunction with the armed conflict between UNITA Military Forces and the Government.
Internally Displaced Persons
2002
The 2002 Luena Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) calls for continuing and completing the implementation of the 1994 Lusaka Protocol. The Lusaka Protocol calls for the resettlement of displaced persons.
UNAVEM-3 estimated that around 10 percent of the total displaced population of 1.2 million had returned to their homes by the end of 1995. The slow rate of return was attributable to security concerns and the rainy season.1
Repatriation continued on a very limited scale in 1996 and 1997 and started to reverse in 1998 as UNITA and the Angolan Government returned to war. In 1998, there was a “rapid increase in the number of newly displaced persons, as a result of the high level of insecurity.”2
In November of 1998, MONUA reported that the number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Angola had tripled in the last three months, amounting to 331,000 new IDPs in a 90 day period.3
The United Nations Mission in Angola (UNMA) estimated that 4 million people were displaced in Angola.4
The Governor of Bie Province announced that 300,000 displaced persons would be settled in the province in predetermined areas that were being demined by the Hallo Trust demining company.5
Thousands of displaced persons in Longonjo and Ukuma (west of Huambo) were voluntarily returning to their homes after hearing of the peace agreement signed on 4 April 2002.6
The Social Reintegration Minister estimated that between 4 April and mid-September of 2002 over 500, 000 displaced persons had left camps and shelters and returned home. The Government had allocated 2 million dollars for the resettlement of displaced persons.7
The UN Humanitarian Coordinator, Erick de Mull, reported that “two million people have been settled countrywide, through integrated programs of assistance.”8
- “Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM III),” U.N. Security Council (S/1995/1012), December 7, 1995.
- “Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Observer Mission in Angola (MONUA),” U.N. Security Council (S/1998/524), June 17, 1998.
- “Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Observer Mission in Angola (MONUA),” U.N. Security Council (S/1998/1110), November 23, 1998.
- “Interim report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in Angola,” U.N. Security Council (S/2002/1353), December 12, 2002.
- “Angola: Bie Authorities to Resettle 300,000 War-Displaced Persons,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, April 17, 2002.
- “Angola: Internally Displaced Persons Return Voluntarily to Areas of Origin,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, May 15, 2002.
- “Angola: Over 500,000 Displaced People Return Home,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, September 30, 2002.
- “Angola: One Million Displaced People Back Home,” Africa News, December 12, 2002.
2003
Authorities in one province, the Northern Kwanza-Norte Province, reported that 45,000 displaced people (out 104,318 in the area) had been resettled in their areas of origin.1
The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Aid (OCHA) reported that there were 2.4 million displaced people remaining in Angola, half of which were scheduled to return home within several months.2
- “Angola: Kwanza-Norte: Over 40,000 Displaced People Resettled,” Africa News, October 14, 2003.
- “Angola: Almost 2.5m Still Displaced But 1m Expected to Return Home Soon,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, March 14, 2003.
2004
Around 425,000 displaced people in Benguela were re-settled in Huambo, Bie, Kwanza-Sul, Namibe and Huila Provinces.1
2005
A joint assessment conducted in 2005 by the United Nations and the Angolan Government reported that since the ceasefire of 2002, four million internally displaced persons (IDPs) had returned home; only 91,000 remained.1
2006
No further developments observed.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
2011
No further developments observed.
CHAPTER 1: SUBJECT AND PRINCIPLES:
1 — SUBJECT
1.2. The objective of the Memorandum of Understanding is collaboration between the parties for the resolution of negative military factors posing an obstacle to the Lusaka Protocol, and the creation of conditions for its definitive conclusion.
2 — FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
2.2. The parties reiterate their unequivocal acceptance of the validity of pertinent political-juridical instruments, namely the Lusaka Protocol and UN Security Council resolutions related to the Angolan peace process.
LUSAKA PROTOCOL
Annex 7: Agenda Item II.5: Completion of the Electoral Process:
II: Specific Principles:
4. (b) Effective guarantee of the functioning of the State Administration and of the normalization of national life throughout the national territory, including the rehabilitation of communication routes and the resettlement of displaced persons.
Media Reform
2002
(Pre-2002 Status of Media Reform) Although Angola’s constitution guaranteed freedom of expression and a free press, the government violated these laws in everyday practice. Ricardo de Mello, the editor of the Luanda-based newspaper Imparcial Fax, was shot on the stairs of his home in January 1995. His wife said that he had recently been threatened by military agents of the MPLA to stop criticizing the Government’s handling of the war. Another reporter, Mario Paiva, a writer for Reuters, was told by an agent of the Angolan Home Affairs Information Department (SINSO) that he would be shot if he continued to criticize the Government.1
In early October 1996, Antonio Casemero, a reporter in Cabinda for Televisao Popular de Angola, was harassed by police for his reporting and a few weeks later shot and killed by 4 gunmen in his home in Cabinda.2
In 1997, the radio program that was believed to be the most unbiased in Angola was banned from broadcasting certain content.3
In February 1998, the Luanda-based independent weekly “Agora” was burned down by arsonists. Simao Roberto, a reporter for Jornal de Angola, was shot and killed on 5 June 1998. The Committee to Protect Journalists considered Angola “one of the most dangerous for journalists, and one where those who use violence to silence the press do so with impunity.”4
(Post-Luena Accord) In 2002, Angola state authorities convicted several journalists of libel and defamation in an effort to suppress criticism of the President and hide corruption. In January, Rafael Marques was convicted in a Luanda court of defamation against President Dos Santos and ordered to pay 950 U.S. dollars in damages. In June, state authorities shut down the radio show “Point of View” for what they considered to be anti-government coverage.5
As of 2002, the Government of Angola ran the country’s only daily newspaper, the only TV station (TPA), and the only national radio station (RNA). At press conferences, journalists had to submit their questions 72 hours in advance and officials chose which ones they would answer. Journalists who criticized the government risked being sent to jail.6
- “Attacks on the Press 1995: Angola,” Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ).
- “Antonio Casemero,” Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ).
- “Attacks on the Press 1997: Angola,” Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ).
- “Attacks on the Press 1998: Angola,” Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ).
- “Attacks on the Press 2002: Angola,” Committee to Protect Journalists.
- “Angola: Journalist Paints “Bleak Picture” of Press Freedom,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, November 25, 2002.
2003
One of the few private radio stations in Angola, Radio Ecclesia, was temporarily suspended in February based on charges of “defamation and false propaganda” against Angolan institutions, said the Minister of Communication Hendrick Neto.1
2004
In March, the Luanda Provincial Tribunal convicted Felisberto Campos, editor of the weekly Semanario Angolense, of defamation and sentenced him to 45 days in prison or a fine of 1,200 US dollars for articles detailing how some top government officials became multi-millionaires. The Defense Minister, General Kundy Payama, who was profiled in the piece, filed a complaint against Mr. Campos for libel.1
2005
The UN Human Rights Committee ruled that the Government of Angola was in violation of international human rights treaties because journalists were being sent to prison for criticizing the President. The UNHR Commission gave the government 90 days to comply. The Open Society Justice Initiative called on Angolan officials to end the defamation law for public officials.1
2006
In 10 days, two journalists were murdered in Angola: Augusto Pedro with the Jornal de Angola, and Benicio Wedeinge, the director of the public television station in Cunene. Pedro was attacked at a gas station and beaten to death. Authorities did not convict anyone of the crime. Wedeinge was shot in his home. Avelino Miguel, the president of the Union of Angolan Journalists (SJA), claimed that “the sudden surge of violence was part of a strategy to intimidate the media in the run-up to elections.”1
2007
Several journalists were detained, beaten, or charged with crimes in 2007. In December, one local journalist, Arnando Chicoca, with Radio Ecclesia was warned by police not to report on public protests against the demolition of informal marketplaces in the area by police. Chicoca reported on the protests anyway and was arrested and convicted under Article 186 “disobeying a police officer.” Later in the year, a more prominent journalist was convicted of libel and sent to prison.1
2008
After criticizing the ministerial picks of President Dos Santos in October, three journalists for the national state media outlet, Rádio Nacional de Angola, were fired.1
2009
In a June report by Human Rights Watch, the case of journalist Fernando Lelo was documented. Lelo was sentenced to 12 years in prison for security violations associated with his reporting in Cabinda.1
- “Angola: Protect Press Freedom for Africa Cup – Arrest of Journalists in Cabinda Highlights Climate of Intimidation,” Africa News, December 17, 2009.
2010
Freedom of the press in Angola suffered major legal setbacks in 2010. Numerous journalists were convicted of libel and defamation. In June of 2010, a company named Media Investments, which is alleged to have had ties to the ruling MPLA party in Angola, purchased three independent newspapers known for focusing on corruption in the executive branch of government. The newspapers were close to bankruptcy after all of the companies that had advertised in the newspaper suddenly dropped all their ads.1
In November, Angola’s ruling MPLA party passed a state security law making it a criminal offense to use any “words, images, writings, or sound” that insults the president or the government. Violations carry a sentence of up to 2 years in prison.2
- “Attacks on the Press 2010: Angola,” Committee to Protect Journalists.
- “Attacks on the Press 2010: Angola,” Committee to Protect Journalists.
2011
On 12 October 2011, Alexandre Neto, the editor of an independent newspaper, was convicted and fined for printing stories about corruption in the executive branch. Convicted of criminal libel, Neto was sentenced to one year in prison and a fine of 105,000 US dollars. The complaint was filed directly by five executive branch officials: Kopelipa (Military Advisor to the President), Maria (Head of Military Intelligence), Groz (Attorney-General), Furtado (Chief of Staff of Armed Forces), and Burity (National Director of Customs). According to Neto’s reporting, the five men gained a contract for a diamond mine in Lunda Norte Province without any process of public competitive bidding.1
CHAPTER 1: SUBJECT AND PRINCIPLES:
1 — SUBJECT
1.2. The objective of the Memorandum of Understanding is collaboration between the parties for the resolution of negative military factors posing an obstacle to the Lusaka Protocol, and the creation of conditions for its definitive conclusion.
2 — FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
2.2. The parties reiterate their unequivocal acceptance of the validity of pertinent political-juridical instruments, namely the Lusaka Protocol and UN Security Council resolutions related to the Angolan peace process.
LUSAKA PROTOCOL
Annex 6: Agenda Item II.4: National Reconciliation:
II. Specific Principles:
2. Within the framework of National Reconciliation, the security of citizens, without distinction, the freedoms of speech, professional association and organization of unions, as well as press freedom, provided for and enshrined respectively in Articles 32, 33 and 35 of the Constitutional Law, are guaranteed in accordance with the legislation in force, the Lusaka Protocol and the universal principles of the rule of law.
3. Given the importance of the mass media sector for improving the climate of tolerance and mutual trust necessary for National Reconciliation, the right of access to State Press, Radio and Television is guaranteed to political parties provided the legislation in force, the Lusaka Protocol and the universal principles of the rule of law are complied with.
4. VORGAN, UNITA’s shortwave radio station, in the interests of National Reconciliation,
shall continue, exceptionally, to broadcast in the context of the awareness campaign referred to in paragraph 1 of the Specific Principles, until D-Day + 9 months. By that date and in accordance with the relevant legislation in force (Laws 22/91 of 15 June and 9/92 of 16 April), the process of transformation of the status of VORGAN into a nonpartisan radio station broadcasting on the appropriate frequencies allocated to it shall have been completed.
Detailed Implementation Timeline
2002
Most of the major developments in the timeline, such as amnesty, cease-fire, the creation of the Joint Military Commission, and demobilization, were completed on time. Reintegration began in 2003 and was largely concluded by the end of 2004.
On 30 March 2002, FAA leader G. S. Nunda and UNITA leader Kamorteiro signed a ceasefire agreement ending the civil war in the city of Luena, Angola.1
The Joint Military Commission was established before the signing of the Luena Accord and began working on 4 April.2
The day before the signing of the Luena Accord, the Angolan parliament unanimously approved a general amnesty law for UNITA troops who turn themselves in within 45 days of the passage of the bill for “all crimes against the security of the Angolan state.”3
Within weeks of the Luena Agreement, some 25,000 UNITA troops had turned themselves in to the demobilization camps.4
- “Angola Signs Ceasefire with UNITA Rebels,” Reuters News Agency, March 30, 2002.
- “Angola: Joint Military Commission to Monitor Cease-Fire – Military Chief,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, April 3, 2002.
- “Angola: Amnesty for Rebels,” The Gazette (Montreal, Quebec), April 3, 2002.
- “Angola Says 25,000 UNITA Rebels Now in Demob Camps,” Agence France Presse, May 3, 2002.
2003
United Nations officials in Angola announced in January that the reintegration program for some 8,000 child soldiers into society had officially begun.1
The government reported that 35 UNITA confinement areas, holding 100,000 demobilized UNITA soldiers and their families, were scheduled to be shut down by the end of February. Under the timeline of the Luena Memorandum of Understanding, the confinement areas would close by the end of 2002.2
The Angolan Government reported that 5,007 UNITA troops had been drafted into the Angolan Armed Forces (FAA) and National Police, completing the stipulations of the Luena Memorandum of Understanding and the Lusaka Protocol. According to the report, four generals, eight lieutenant-generals, 18 brigadiers, 40 colonels, 60 lieutenant-colonels, 100 majors, 150 captains, 200 lieutenants, 250 sub-lieutenants, 300 aspirants, 300 sergeants, and 3,577 simple soldiers were drafted into the national army. Another 40 generals were incorporated into the National Police: four of these were lieutenant-generals and 14 were brigadiers who were under the FAA General Staff.3
- “Angola: Reintegration of Child Soldiers Underway,” Africa News, January 15, 2003.
- “Angola: UNITA Confinement Areas to Close Down by End of February,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, February 5, 2003.
- “Angola: 5,007 Ex-UNITA Soldiers Drafted Into National Army,” Africa News, June 19, 2003.
2004
Sean Bradley, the World Bank Coordinator for Reintegration, remarked in October that he was not dissatisfied with the amount of progress made thus far. According to Bradley, “Around 50,000 ex-combatants received basic seeds and tools to restart subsistence agriculture activities and about 4,700 were currently involved in economic reintegration activities.”1
- “Angola: More Needs to be Done for Reintegration of Former Soldiers,” Africa News, October 29, 2004.
2005
No further developments observed.
2006
No further developments observed.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
2011
No further developments observed.
2 – IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE FOR THE MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
2.1 To accomplish the implementation of the Memorandum of Understanding, the Angolan Armed Forces and UNITA Military Forces assume a commitment to the following Implementation Schedule:
1) Effective date for the Memorandum of Understanding – D Day
– Signature of the Memorandum – Declaration of a bilateral cease-fire – Effective date of the cease-fire
2) Activation of the Joint Military Commission – D Day + 001
– Promulgation of the Amnesty Law
– Commencement of work by the Joint Military
– Beginning Commission and Technical Group
3) Realization of all activities listed in paragraph a) of Point II, namely: – D day+ 001
– Consolidating the reestablishment of the cease-fire
4) Accomplishment of all activities listed in paragraph b) of Point II, namely: – D Day + 002 to D + 047
– Disengagement, Quartering and completion of the Demilitarization of UNITA Military Forces
– Quartering, Disarming and Repatriatio of Foreign Military Forces in areas of the national territor under the control of UNITA Military Forces.
5) Accomplishment of all activities listed n paragraphs c) and d) of Point II, namely: – D Day + 048 to D + 078
– Integration into the FAA of general officers, senior officers, junior officers, non-commissioned officers and junior enlisted personnel coming from UNITA Military Forces, in accordance with existing vacancies
– Integration into the National Police of general officers and senior officers coming from UNITA Military Forces, in accordance with existing vacancies
6) Accomplishment of all activities contained in paragraph e) of Point II, namely: – D Day + 079 to D + 080
– Demobilization UNITA Military Forces personnel and the extinction of UNITA Military Forces
7) Accomplishment of all activities contained in paragraph f) of Point II, namely: – D Day + 081 to D + 262
– Social and political reintegration of demobilized ex-UNITA Military Forces personnel into the national life
Verification/Monitoring Mechanism
2002
Following the Luena Memorandum, Security Council Resolution 1433 of August 2002 established the United Nations Mission in Angola (UNMA) to replace UNOA. The UNMA was mandated to chair the Joint Military Commission, to provide 30 military observers, and to coordinate the humanitarian efforts of all other UN agencies.1
The Joint Military Commission was established and began working the same day as the cease-fire.2 The Joint Military Commission spokesperson, General Francisco Furtado, announced in July that the integration of UNITA military forces into the Angolan Armed Forces (FAA) and National Police would commence on 19 July.3
The Joint Military Commission reported that it had met all of its objectives and would dissolve.4
- “Interim report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in Angola,” U.N. Security Council (S/2002/1353), December 12, 2002.
- “Angola: Joint Military Commission to Monitor Cease-Fire – Military Chief,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, April 3, 2002.
- “Angola: UNITA Soldiers to be Integrated Into Armed Forces, Police on 19 July,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, July 10, 2002.
- “Angola’s Joint Peace Commission is Dissolved,” Agence France Presse, November 21, 2002.
2003
The UNMA reported that it had completed its political tasks as mandated in resolution 1433 and would close its operation in Angola.1
- “Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in Angola,” U.N. Security Council (S/2003/158), February 7, 2002.
2004
No further developments observed.
2005
No further developments observed.
2006
No further developments observed.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
2011
No further developments observed.
CHAPTER III: COORDINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
1- COORDINATION OF THE MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
1.1. The institutional coordinating structures of the memorandum of Understanding are the following:
a) Joint Military Commission
b) Technical Group
1.3. The Joint Military Commission has the following composition, powers and working rules:
a) Composition and Leadership:
a.l A seat as executive member and President of the Joint Military Commission: The military representative of the Government
a.2 A seat as executive member of the Joint Military Commission: The military representative of UNIT A Military Forces
a.3 A seat as permanent observer members of the Joint Military Commission: The UN military representative in accordance with the mandate to be given by the UN Security Council or other organs of the UN system
— The military representative of the United States of America
— The military representative of Russia
— The military representative of Portugal
b) Powers
b. 1 Assist the Joint Military Commission in carrying out its duties
b.2 Manage the implementation of all provisions of the Memorandum of Understanding
b.3 Organize ad hoc meetings of military experts to study the causes of eventual difficulties impeding the effective execution of the Memorandum of Understanding or other issues considered to be of interest by the Joint Military Commission.
b.4 Prepare a schedule detailing the activities to be undertaken in the context of implementing the Memorandum of Understanding.
c) Working rules:
c.l Meet, as a matter of routine, in order to prepare for meetings of the Joint Military Commission, and extraordinarily to analyze issues passed on from the Joint Military Commission, or whenever it may be necessary.
c.2 At the regional level, meet daily under the direction of a military expert from the Angolan Armed Forces.
Withdrawal of Troops
2002
Immediately following the Luena Accord, foreign troops were pulled out of Angola or quartered in the demobilization camps for repatriation. Members of the Namibian Defense Force (NDF), for example, who were fighting alongside the Angolan Armed Forces (FAA) returned home on 22 April 2002 and were welcomed by the Namibian president.1
The Angolan state news agency reported that “foreign soldiers, mostly Congolese and Rwandan, who had fought alongside UNITA rebels are in Angola’s quartering areas awaiting repatriation.”2
- “Namibia’s President Nujoma Welcomes Home Armed Forces Who Fought in Angola,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, April 24, 2002.
- “Angola: Foreign Troops in Quartering Areas,” Africa News, May 29, 2002.
2003
No further developments observed.
2004
No further developments observed.
2005
No further developments observed.
2006
No further developments observed.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed..
2010
No further developments observed.
2011
No further developments observed.
CHAPTER 1: SUBJECT AND PRINCIPLES:
1 — SUBJECT
1.2. The objective of the Memorandum of Understanding is collaboration between the parties for the resolution of negative military factors posing an obstacle to the Lusaka Protocol, and the creation of conditions for its definitive conclusion.
2 — FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
2.2. The parties reiterate their unequivocal acceptance of the validity of pertinent political-juridical instruments, namely the Lusaka Protocol and UN Security Council resolutions related to the Angolan peace process.
ANNEX I/A
TO THE COMPLEMENTARY MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING TO THE LUSAKA PROTOCOL FOR THE CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES AND RESOLUTION OF REMAINING MILITARY ISSUES PENDING UNDER THE TERMS OF THE LUSAKA PROTOCOL
DOCUMENT RELATED OF FOREIGN MILITARY FORCES IN AREAS OF THE NATIONAL TERRITORY UNDER THE CONTROL OF UNITA MILITARY FORCES
The delegation of the Angolan Armed Forces and the delegation of UNITA Military Forces to the military talks, agree to the following with regard to quartering, disarmament and repatriation of foreign military forces in areas of national territory under the control of UNITA Military Forces:
1.1. The parties recognize the existence of foreign military forces in areas of the national territory under the control of UNITA Military Forces, namely units comprised of citizens of the Democratic Republic of Congo and units comprised of citizens of Rwanda of Tutsi-Banyamulenge and Hutu, and the necessity of proceeding with their urgent repatriation.
1.2 In this regard, the FAA General Staff, in strict cooperation with the High General Staff of UNITA Military Forces, and with the participation of the Joint Military Commission and support of the UN, in accordance with the mandate to be given by the UN Security Council or other organs of the UN system, proceed to the cantonment and disarming of foreign military forces in areas of the national territory under the control of UNITA Military Forces, with the following understanding:
a) The informing of the FAA General Staff and Joint Military Commission by the High General Staff of UNITA Military Forces of all reliable and verifiable data related to the combat and numerical composition and location of units of foreign military forces in areas of national territory under the control of UNITA Military Forces.
b) The identification of units of foreign military forces under the control of UNITA Military Forces.
c) The movement of personnel of foreign military forces to quartering areas for UNITA Military Forces.
d) The reception, housing and feeding, as well as the registration of foreign military personnel in quartering areas.
e) The disarming, collection and storage of all armament and military equipment of foreign military forces in quartering areas.
f) The handover to the UN of members of foreign military forces in accordance with the mandate to be given by the UN Security Council or other organs of the UN System, for purposes of repatriation of personnel to their countries of origin, namely the RDC and the Republic of Rwanda.
Please always cite: “Annualized implementation data on comprehensive intrastate peace accords, 1989–2012.” Madhav Joshi, Jason Michael Quinn, and Patrick M. Regan. Journal of Peace Research 52 (2015): 551-562.