Agreement for the Reform and Civil Concord
Date Signed: 12 May, 2001
Accord Type: Comprehensive Peace Agreement
Country: Djibouti
52.00Implementation Score after 10 years
Provisions in this Accord
Cease Fire
2001
There were no violations of the ceasefire reported in Djibouti after the signing of the new peace agreement.1“Djibouti,” UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia, Uppsala University, accessed January 5, 2011, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=47®ionSelect=1-Nort…
2002
No further developments observed.
2003
No further developments observed.
2004
No further developments observed.
2005
No further developments observed.
2006
No further developments observed.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
Accord Cadre de Reforme et de Concorde Civile (Signed on Feb 7, 2000)
CLAUSE 5: CIVIL PEACE AND SECURITY.
The two parties engage to suspend hostilities.
(Note: Final peace agreement, Accord de reforme et concorde civile, recognizes the ceasefire agreement signed on Feb. 7, 2000)
Electoral/Political Party Reform
2001
The signatories agreed that the legal limitation of allowing only four political parties would be set to automatically expire in 2001.
2002
On September 30, 2002, Djibouti government issued a decree (No. 2002-0198/PR/MID) related to the amendment on the composition and functioning of the Independent National Electoral Commission. The decree had the following provisions:
Article 3: The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC), in the District of Djibouti, is composed of: Three (3) members appointed by the Government; Three (3) members appointed by the President of the National Assembly taking into account its political configuration; Three (3) judges elected in general assembly of judges; Are not eligible members of the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Council [sic]; Three representatives from civil society. A person appointed by each political party duly constituted each institution chooses or elects one member and one alternate, up to the quota allocated to it.
In September 2002, “President Ismail Omar Guelleh announced the introduction of a full multiparty political system”. The 1992 constitution restricted the number of political parties to four. According to a new provision, all “parties would be recognised, subject to approval by the Interior Ministry.”1
Following the introduction of a multiparty system in September, the Union for Democracy and Justice, led by Ismail Guedi Hared, was registered by the Interior Ministry on October 22, 2002.2
The legislative elections were to be held in December 2002, but postponed until January 10, 2003 to allow newly registered political parties time to organize. In a statement the Interior Minister (on November 14, 2002) reported the approval of the creation of the People’s Social Democratic Party (PPSD), led by a former foreign minister and former secretary general of the ruling Popular Rally for Progress (RPP) Moumin Bahdon Farah, and the Djibouti Development Party (PDD), led by the former director of the Ministry of Finance, Mohammed Daoud Chechem.3
- “Djibouti,” Keesing’s Record of World Events (Volume 48), September 2002, 44971.
- Ibid., 45028.
- Ibid., 45076.
2003
Further political party reforms took place in 2002. Multiparty legislative elections were held on 10 January 2003. Ahmed Dini from FRUD-AD led the opposition coalition, while FRUD, which had signed the peace agreement in 1994 was a part of the Union for a Presidential Majority coalition.1
2004
No further developments observed.
2005
No further developments observed.
2006
No further developments observed.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
Article 12: On the Multiparty System.
a) The two Parties agree that at the expiry, on 3 September, 2002, of the period of implementation of the issue of a referendum concerning the limitation to four political parties, article 6 of the Constitution of September 1992 will ipso facto come into force.
b) However, the FRUD-Army signatory of the Agreement will be tolerated as a political party to carry on partisan activities.
Article 16:
The control of electoral operations on the national level is ensured by a national independent electoral committee.
A decree will determine its functioning and its composition.
Decentralization/Federalism
2001
A process to transfer power to local entities was started in 1995 but the actual transfer of duties and power remained an issue.
2002
Djibouti’s National Assembly, on 7 July 2002 passed Decentralization and Status of the Regions (Act No. 174/AN/02/4ème L), which created five regional local authorities known as: Regions Arta, Ali Sabieh, Dikhil, Obock and Tadjoura (the latter 3 mainly Afar) equipped with legal personality under public law and financial autonomy. The decentralization law also made provisions for the establishment and organization of Commons.[fn]”Loi no 174/AN/02/4ème L portant Décentralisation et Statut des Régions,” Journal Officiel de la République de Djibouti, July 2, 2002, accessed February 20, 2015, http://www.presidence.dj/jo/2002/loi174an02.php.[/efn_note]
It was reported that regional councilors elected by local populations would be in charge of each of the country’s five administrative entities.1
- “Djibouti: Newspaper assesses first half of president’s term,” BBC Sumary of World Broadcasts, May 10, 2002.
2003
The decentralization law was passed in 2002 but elections for regional councilors did not take place this year.
2004
The decentralization law was passed in 2002 but elections for regional councilors did not take place this year.
2005
The regional and municipal elections were scheduled for 30 December 2005. The interior minister urged all citizens to register and participate fully in the elections. It was also said that, in case of a run-off, a second round of the elections would be held on 20 January 2006.1
The elections were again postponed.
- “Djibouti to hold communal, regional polls 30 December,” BBC Monitoring Africa — Political, November 10, 2005.
2006
According to the Djibouti News Agency (ADI), the regional and communal elections were held on 10 March 2006.1
The elections were held and in all the regional assemblies, People’s Rally for Progress (RPP) won a majority of seats. In the Ali-Sabieh Regional Assembly, Balbala Communal Assembly, and Boualos Communal Assembly, a second round of elections were needed.2
- “Djibouti issues final lists of candidates for 10 March communal polls,” BBC Monitoring Africa — Political, February 22, 2006.
- “10 & 31 March 2006 Regional and Communal Elections in Djibouti,” African Election Database, accessed February 20, 2015, http://africanelections.tripod.com/dj_2006regional.html.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
CHAPTER V – DECENTRALIZATION
Article 18: On the Goals of the Decentralization.
The two Parties agree about the general goals of the decentralization on the following levels:
1) Political level = participation of the citizens by means of their locally elected in the administration and development of their community.
2) Administrative level = establishing of a more efficient administration as it will be closer to those administered.
3) Economic level = promote economic development poles outside the capital and reduce regional disparities.
Article 19: On the State of Decentralization.
a) The decentralization, ratified by the Constitution, is conceived in Djibouti as being an integral part of the process of democratization and modernization of administrative structures within the framework of institutional reforms.
b) The two Parties agree that only a genuine decentralization can release the individual and collective energies which are capable of extracting the regions from their present state of desertion.
Article 20: On the Legal Framework.
They adopt the decentralization law project annexed to the present Agreement as an organic law determining the legal framework of the decentralization.
Article 21: On Levels of Decentralization.
a) The two Parties agree on the levels of decentralization which are two in number, viz. the region and the municipality.
b) The two Parties have accepted to first organize the regions and thereafter the municipalities.
The 5 regions are: Ali-Sabieh, Arta, Dikhil, Obock and Tadjourah. The capital city will be granted a unique status.
Article 22: National Committee of Decentralization.
a) A committee for the organization of the decentralization made up of twelve (12) members, whereof 3 representatives from each signatory party of the above mentioned Framework Agreement for Reform and Civil Concord, is set up.
This committee is responsible for:
– Carrying into effect the decentralization;
– Monitoring the establishment of regional institutions and of the section of the judicial court specialized in administrative disputes and in the control of public spending;
– Participating in the definition of the contents of legislative and statutory texts planned for by the present Law and watching over their enforcement.
This steering committee will meet monthly under the collegiate chairmanship of a representative of each of the signatory parties of the Framework Agreement for Reform and Civil Concord until the measures necessary for the decentralization have been applied.
This committee establishes a quarterly public report covering its activities.
The mandate of this committee will last until regional communities have been effectively organized.
A decree will define the conditions and volumes of the financial grants approved by the central power for the decentralized regions. These grants must correspond with the real needs of each region and will be defined on the basis of objective criteria.
Civil Administration Reform
2001
According to a 2001 report, “the Government continued to discriminate against citizens on the basis of ethnicity in employment and job advancement. Somali Issas were the majority ethnic group and controlled the ruling party, the civil and security services, and the military forces. Discrimination based on ethnicity and clan affiliation limited the role of members of minority groups and clans, particularly the Afar minority ethnic group, in government and politics.”1
- “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- Djibouti,” U.S. State Department, 2002, February 20, 2015, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18180.htm.
2002
The government continued to discriminate against citizens on the basis of ethnicity. Particularly Afar minority ethnic groups were discriminated.1
- “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- Djibouti,” U.S. State Department, 2003, accessed February 20, 2015, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18180.htm.
2003
The government continued to discriminate against citizens on the basis of ethnicity even if the governing coalition is a coalition of the country’s clan and ethnic groups. Particularly Afar minority ethnic groups were discriminated.1
- “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- Djibouti,” U.S. State Department, 2004, accessed February 20, 2015, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41600.htm.
2004
The government continued to discriminate against citizens on the basis of ethnicity even if the governing coalition was a coalition of the country’s clan and ethnic groups. Discrimination was said to have limited the role of minority groups in government and politics.1
- “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- Djibouti,” U.S. State Department, 2005, accessed February 20, 2015, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61566.htm.
2005
The government continued to discriminate against citizens on the basis of ethnicity even if the governing coalition was a coalition of the country’s clan and ethnic groups. Discrimination was said to have limited the role of minority groups in government and politics.1
- “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- Djibouti,” U.S. State Department, 2006, accessed February 20, 2015, http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78731.htm.
2006
As per the state department report the discrimination continued based on clan and ethnicity.1
- “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- Djibouti,” U.S. State Department, 2007, accessed February 20, 2015, http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78731.htm.
2007
As per the state department report, the discrimination continued based on clan and ethnicity.1
- “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- Djibouti,” U.S. State Department, 2008, accessed February 20, 2015, http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100478.htm.
2008
As per the state department report, the discrimination continued based on clan and ethnicity.1
- “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- Djibouti,” U.S. State Department, 2009, accessed February 20, 2015, http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/118998.htm.
2009
No report available on whether there was discrimination in the civil and military institutions.
2010
No report available on whether there was discrimination in the civil and military institutions.
Article 15: On the Equality of all Citizens.
b) Fairly and with respect to acquired qualifications the civil and military institutions of the Republic will reflect, within their staff and hierarchy, the plurality of communities making up the Djiboutian people.
Military Reform
2001
FRUD combatants were assembled in two locations, Ribta and Waddi, in the north of the country to be demobilized, disarmed and integrated into the country’s security forces. According to a report, 1,160 combatants were counted and only 300 members of FRUD were enrolled in the armed forces and the police.1“Permanent Mission of the Republic of Djibouti to the United Nations addressed to the Department for Disarmament Affairs on the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects,” United Nations (A/CONF.192/BMS/2003/CRP.105), July 7, 2003, http://www.poa-iss.org/CountryProfiles/CountryProfileInfo.aspx?Acc=M&CoI…
2002
No further reports of reform were reported. It was suggested that little overall reform took place in the military and the dominance of the Somali Issas ethnic group continued.1
- “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- Djibouti,” U.S. State Department, 2002, accessed February 24, 2011, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18180.htm.
2003
No further developments observed.
2004
No further developments observed.
2005
No further developments observed.
2006
No further developments observed.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
Article 3: On Solutions and Remedies.
The two Parties undertake to respect the principles and to carry out the general measures below.
a. It is above all necessary to guarantee security for everybody through the struggle against the impunity of the perpetrators of crimes of all sorts, of extortions and robbery, and through the demobilizing of the FRUD combatants. It will be necessary to establish defence forces as well as security and police forces which are genuinely national and representative of all the components of the national community, in order to avoid any aberration in the future which might be harmful to the Unity and the Nation (CHAPTER II).
Article 5: On Disarmament and Demobilization.
c) The demobilized elements of the FRUD-Army benefit from the integration into the corps of defence and security or from the insertion into social life or from compensation.
d) For a successful implementation of these operations a mixed commission will be established.
It will be charged with the complete identification of all combatants according to the enclosed form supplied by the Administration.
Article 15: On the Equality of all Citizens.
b) Fairly and with respect to acquired qualifications the civil and military institutions of the Republic will reflect, within their staff and hierarchy, the plurality of communities making up the Djiboutian people.
Demobilization
2001
Combatants were assembled in two locations, Ribta and Waddi, in the north of the country to be demobilized, disarmed and integrated, and inserted in the security forces. According to a report, 1,160 combatants were counted at the assembly points. The National Police Force and the National Army jointly undertook an inventory of FRUD membership. According to a report, 300 members of FRUD-AD were enrolled in the armed forces and the police, while 700 were demobilized. Those who were demobilized received grants. The whole operation took place from May 23 to June 7, 2001.2
- “Permanent Mission of the Republic of Djibouti to the United Nations addressed to the Department for Disarmament Affairs on the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects,” United Nations (A/CONF.192/BMS/2003/CRP.105), July 7, 2003, http://www.poa-iss.org/CountryProfiles/CountryProfileInfo.aspx?Acc=M&CoI…FRUD-AD combatants were demobilized and a timetable was set to downsize government forces.1“DJIBOUTI: REVIEW,” Africa Review World of Information, September 26, 2002.
2002
No further developments observed.
2003
No further developments observed.
2004
No further developments observed.
2005
No further developments observed.
2006
No further developments observed.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
Article 5: On Disarmament and Demobilization.
a) When the exchange of prisoners, the cessation of hostilities, the mine clearance, and the establishment of dialogue have been tangibly achieved, the two Parties agree, at the latest within 7 days after the signing of this present Agreement, to proceed to disarmament and demobilization operations in successive phases:
1) Regrouping of elements from the FRUD-Armé in: RIPTA and Waddi (Northern districts).
2) Disarmament and demobilization of FRUD-Armé combatants will take place simultaneously at the regrouping points agreed upon.
3) It is imperative that all the operations of disengagement, demobilization and disarmament are accomplished within a period of seven days.
b) The governmental forces will return to their habitual position from before the conflict as soon as the operations enumerated above have come to an end. They must set about mine clearance before their withdrawal from their former encampments.
c) The demobilized elements of the FRUD-Armé benefit from the integration into the corps of defence and security or from the insertion into social life or from compensation.
d) For a successful implementation of these operations a mixed commission will be established.
It will be charged with the complete identification of all combatants according to the enclosed form supplied by the Administration.
It will also be in charge of the physical census of the men and of their military armaments (in particular individual and collective weapons) and of the collection of such weapons.
Within this mixed commission a unit in charge of sanitary and medical operations will be established.
Disarmament
2001
FRUD combatants were assembled in two locations, Ribta and Waddi, in the north of the country to be demobilized, disarmed and integrated into the security forces. According to a report, 1,160 FURD combatants were counted at the assembly points. Arms held by FRUD members were collected, in accordance with the peace agreement. On June 7, 2001 these arms were burned in the presence of an official delegation led by the Minister of the Interior and the President of FRUD. The whole operation took place from May 23 to June 7, 2001.1
- “Permanent Mission of the Republic of Djibouti to the United Nations addressed to the Department for Disarmament Affairs on the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects,” United Nations (A/CONF.192/BMS/2003/CRP.105), July 7, 2003, http://www.poa-iss.org/CountryProfiles/CountryProfileInfo.aspx?Acc=M&CoI=55.
2002
No further developments observed.
2003
No further developments observed.
2004
No further developments observed.
2005
No further developments observed.
2006
No further developments observed.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
Article 5: On Disarmament and Demobilization.
a) When the exchange of prisoners, the cessation of hostilities, the mine clearance, and the establishment of dialogue have been tangibly achieved, the two Parties agree, at the latest within 7 days after the signing of this present Agreement, to proceed to disarmament and demobilization operations in successive phases:
1) Regrouping of elements from the FRUD-Armé in: RIPTA and Waddi (Northern districts)
2) Disarmament and demobilization of FRUD-Armé combatants will take place simultaneously at the regrouping points agreed upon.
3) It is imperative that all the operations of disengagement, demobilization and disarmament are accomplished within a period of seven days.
b) The governmental forces will return to their habitual position from before the conflict as soon as the operations enumerated above have come to an end. They must set about mine clearance before their withdrawal from their former encampments.
c) The demobilized elements of the FRUD-Armé benefit from the integration into the corps of defence and security or from the insertion into social life or from compensation.
d) For a successful implementation of these operations a mixed commission will be established.
It will be charged with the complete identification of all combatants according to the enclosed form supplied by the Administration.
It will also be in charge of the physical census of the men and of their military armaments (in particular individual and collective weapons) and of the collection of such weapons.
Within this mixed commission a unit in charge of sanitary and medical operations will be established.
Reintegration
2001
FRUD combatants were assembled in two locations, Ribta and Waddi, in the north of the country to be demobilized, disarmed and integrated into the security forces. According to a report, 1,160 FRUD combatants were counted at the assembly points. The National Police Force and the National Army jointly undertook an inventory of FRUD membership. According to a report, 300 members of FRUD were enrolled in the armed forces and the police, while 700 were demobilized. Those who were demobilized received grants.1 According to the same report, for those who were demobilized, the reintegration program had already started and included “a medical component aimed at helping the handicapped, vocational training in a number of fields relating to microprojects (welding, mechanics, computers), and assistance for widows and orphans, who are given appropriate training.”
- “Permanent Mission of the Republic of Djibouti to the United Nations addressed to the Department for Disarmament Affairs on the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects,” United Nations (A/CONF.192/BMS/2003/CRP.105), July 7, 2003, http://www.poa-iss.org/CountryProfiles/CountryProfileInfo.aspx?Acc=M&CoI=55.
2002
No further developments observed.
2003
No further developments observed.
2004
No further developments observed.
2005
No further developments observed.
2006
No further developments observed.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
Article 6: On Integration, Reintegration, Compensation, and Reinsertion.
a) The transition from conflicts to a lasting peace requires disarmament and demobilization.
b) All former officials or other contracted employees belonging to the FRUD-Armé will be rehabilitated and reintegrated in their rights.
For the settlement of the ex-soldiers, ex-gendarmes and ex-policemen finding themselves in the same situation; according to their respective status and age they may claim:
– Retirement;
– Recovery of forfeited annuities;
– Savings paid on release;
– Reimbursement of contributions.
The conditions for the granting of these rights will be specified subsequently through a statutory order.
c) The two Parties agree to appeal to the international community for help in the process of demobilization and reinsertion for its financing within the framework of conflict prevention.
Prisoner Release
2001
The accord called for all prisoners to be released before demobilization took place. FRUD-AD announced to the press that they held 10 prisoners and that 47 FRUD-AD members were held by the government. The release of prisoners was immediate in this case.1
2002
No further developments observed.
2003
No further developments observed.
2004
No further developments observed.
2005
No further developments observed.
2006
No further developments observed.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
Article 5: On Disarmament and Demobilization.
a) When the exchange of prisoners, the cessation of hostilities, the mine clearance, and the establishment of dialogue have been tangibly achieved, the two Parties agree, at the latest within 7 days after the signing of this present Agreement, to proceed to disarmament and demobilization operations in successive phases.
Refugees
2001
No information available on implementation in North (Afar) beyond a call for rehabilitation and reconstruction in the peace agreement. Refugee issue is very tricky in Djibouti as Djibouti’s nationality law allows people from neighboring countries to come to Djibouti (Source: Bezabeh, Samson A. 2011. “Citizenship and the logic of sovereignty in djibouti.” African Affairs. doi: 10.1093/afraf/adr045). Nevertheless, Djibouti’s government has been expelling non- Issa people from the country.[fn]Samson A. Bezabeh, “Citizenship and the logic of sovereignty in Djibouti,” African Affairs (doi: 10.1093/afraf/adr045), 2011.[/efn_note]
2002
No further developments occurred this year.
2003
Refugee provision of the accord was not implemented. In 2003, government attempted to expel 15% if the entire population (100,000 people) by labeling them illegal migrants.1
2004
Refugee provision of the accord was not implemented.
2005
Refugee provision of the accord was not implemented.
2006
Refugee provision of the accord was not implemented.
2007
Refugee provision of the accord was not implemented.
2008
Refugee provision of the accord was not implemented.
2009
Refugee provision of the accord was not implemented.
2010
Refugee provision of the accord was not implemented.
Article 8: General Principles.
b) Facing the enormity of the task of national reconstruction, the two Parties have agreed to grant this budget item a very special significance and to involve all the appropriate measures having in view the rehabilitation of refugees and displaced persons, the compensation of individuals whose belongings have been destroyed during the conflict and the reconstruction of public infrastructure.
Internally Displaced Persons
2001
No information available on implementation in North (Afar) beyond a call for rehabilitation and reconstruction in the peace agreement. As a matter of fact, UNHCR does not report any IDPs in Djibouti between 2001 and 2005.[fn]”2005 UNHCR Statistical Yearbook Country Data Sheet – Djibouti,” UNHCR, http://www.unhcr.org/4641837611.html, Accessed 2007.[/efn_note]
Internally displaced persons issue is very tricky in Djibouti as Djibouti’s nationality law allows people from neighboring countries.1
- Samson A. Bezabeh, “Citizenship and the logic of sovereignty in Djibouti,” African Affairs (doi: 10.1093/afraf/adr045), 2011.
2002
No further developments observed.
2003
No further developments observed.
2004
No further developments observed.
2005
No further developments observed.
2006
No further developments observed.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
Article 8: General Principles.
b) Facing the enormity of the task of national reconstruction, the two Parties have agreed to grant this budget item a very special significance and to involve all the appropriate measures having in view the rehabilitation of refugees and displaced persons, the compensation of individuals whose belongings have been destroyed during the conflict and the reconstruction of public infrastructure.
Citizenship Reform
2001
According to agreement, an ad hoc committee was to be formed to issue national identity cards to those who could be verified as a member of Djibouti’s community. The agreement sought to give Djibouti nationality to nomad fighting for FRUD. No information is available on the formation of such a committee to distribute the citizenship cards.
Djibouti’s Nationality law’s Article 6 allows individuals from the Republic of Djibouty and surrounding country who acquired French nationality under the law of the administrating power.1 According to Bezabeh, Djibouti’s government was expelling non- Issa people.2
- Samson A. Bezabeh, “Citizenship and the logic of sovereignty in Djibouti,” African Affairs (doi: 10.1093/afraf/adr045), 2011.
- Ibid.
2002
No developments observed this year.
2003
This provision of the agreement was not implemented. In 2003, government attempted to expel 15% if the entire population (100,000 people) by labeling them illegal migrants.1
2004
No further developments observed.
2005
No further developments observed.
2006
No further developments observed.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
Article 10: On Nationality.
All persons whose membership of the Djiboutian community is verifiable in every way may claim Djiboutian citizenship. In order to make this possible the two Parties undertake to establish an ad hoc committee responsible for the acceleration of the issuing of national identity cards to these persons.
Education Reform
2001
According to the UNESCO report, school participation rates in Djibouti was very low with 15% boys and 8% girls. There was low community participation in terms of involvement of families in the functioning of schools in the rural communities. Only few nomadic people had basic literacy trainings.[fn]”The education of nomadic people in east Africa: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda,” UNESCO Synthesis Report, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001405/140562e.pdf.[/efn_note]
2002
No developments observed this year.
2003
Djibouti signed bilateral agreement on education with Japan and France separately.1 It was not clear whether projects outlined in these agreements were aimed to improve schools in war affected regions.
- “Djibouti, Japan sign basic education project agreement,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, August 30, 2003; “Djibouti and France sign agreement on education,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, July 25, 2003.
2004
No progress was reported in terms of improving schools conditions in war affected regions.
2005
No further developments observed.
2006
No further developments observed.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
Article 17: Right to Education.
a) The two Parties subscribe to the wish, as it is affirmed in Chapter V of the Peace Accord of December 1994, of reinforced support to schools for children from the zones affected by the armed conflict.
b) They recognize the necessity to continue these efforts in relation to educational matters directed towards the war-affected zones, by reopening the schools having been closed.
Media Reform
2001
Although the Djibouti constitution provides for freedom of the press, the Government restricts this right in practice. Opposition leaders practice self-censorship and refrain from popular demonstrations in order to avoid government crackdowns.1
- “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- Djibouti,” U.S. State Department, 2002, accessed February 24, 2011, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18180.htm.
2002
There are reported restrictions on freedom of the press and limited freedom of assembly.1
2003
According to a news report, Daher Ahmed Farah, editor of the newspaper “Le Renouveau” was arrested in Djibouti on the morning of 20 April 2003, and placed in solitary confinement at Gabode prison.1 As of 2003, Djibouti had not ratified the international covenant on civil and political rights.2
- “Djibouti; Editor of Opposition Newspaper Arrested Again,” Africa News, April 23, 2003.
- “DJIBOUTI: COUNTRY PROFILE,” Africa Review World of Information, September 23, 2003.
2004
According to reports, the Djiboutian government restricted freedom of the press and freedom of assembly in 2004.1
- “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- Djibouti,” U.S. State Department, 2004, accessed February 24, 2011 http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41600.htm.htm.
2005
The Djiboutian authorities shut down the Radio France Internationale’s (RFI) on January 14, 2005 for its reporting on an ongoing French legal inquiry into the 1995 death in Djibouti of Bernard Borrel, a French judge.1
2006
Government restrictions on media continued. The U.S. State Departments reports opposition leaders self-censoring, limited freedom of assembly, and government crackdown of demonstrations.1
- “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- Djibouti,” U.S. State Department, 2006, accessed February 24, 2011, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78731.htm.
2007
Government restrictions on media continued. The U.S. State Departments reports opposition leaders self-censoring, limited freedom of assembly, and government crackdown of demonstrations.1
2007
It was reported that the government silenced the only opposition newspaper, Le Renouveau, for its news report “published on 1 February about a businessman who reportedly paid an indemnity to the national bank governor, who happens to be President Ismaël Omar Guelleh’s brother-in-law.”1
- “Djibouti; Police Arrest Brother And Cousin of Opposition Weekly’s Managing Editor,” Africa News, February 7, 2007.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
Article 14: On the Freedom of the Press.
The Parties undertake to work for the ensuring of the freedom of the press in accordance with the organic law number 21/AN/92/2ème L du 15/09/92 as it was amended in its articles 4, 60 and 63 concerning the freedom of communication, which reconciles the right to information with the right to private life and to public order.
Reparations
2001
No information available on whether the civilian victims of conflict received reparations from the government as per the peace agreement.
2002
No further developments observed.
2003
No further developments observed.
2004
No further developments observed.
2005
No further developments observed.
2006
No further developments observed.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
Article 7: On Beneficiaries.
The next of kin of the FRUD victims will receive assistance.
External financial aid will be applied for in order to implement this programme within the framework of the strengthening of the peace process and the prevention of conflicts.
Article 9: On Consequences for Civilians.
b) Compensation will be allocated to the civilian victims whose belongings have been destroyed or damaged by the war.
c) International financial support will be applied for with this end in view.
Economic and Social Development
2001
Specific information regarding infrastructure and reconstruction projects are not available. The country made modest advances in implementing structural reforms and pursued investment and economic development programs.1
The economic growth rate for 2001 was 2% of GDP.2
- “DJIBOUTI: REVIEW,” Africa Review World of Information, September 26, 2002.
- “World Bank Development Indicators,” World Bank, 2011.
2002
Specific information regarding infrastructure and reconstruction projects are not available. The economic growth rate was 3% of GDP in 2002.1
2003
Specific information regarding infrastructure and reconstruction projects are not available. The economic growth rate was 3% of GDP in 2003.1
2004
Specific information regarding infrastructure and reconstruction projects are not available. The growth rate was 4% of GDP in 2004.1
2005
Specific information regarding infrastructure and reconstruction projects are not available. The economic growth rate was 3% of GDP in 2005.1
2006
Specific information regarding infrastructure and reconstruction projects are not available. The economic growth rate was 5% of GDP in 2006.1
2007
Specific information regarding infrastructure and reconstruction projects are not available. The economic growth rate was 5% of GDP in 2007.1
2008
Specific information regarding infrastructure and reconstruction projects are not available. The economic growth rate was 6% of GDP in 2008.1
2009
Specific information regarding infrastructure and reconstruction projects are not available. The economic growth rate was 5% of GDP in 2009.1
2010
Specific information regarding infrastructure and reconstruction projects are not available.
Article 8: General Principles.
a) Eager to contribute to the acceleration of the economic development of the country as well as its regional integration the two Parties undertake to do everything that is in their power in order to remedy the harmful effects of the conflict on the macro economical environment.
b) Facing the enormity of the task of national reconstruction, the two Parties have agreed to grant this budget item a very special significance and to involve all the appropriate measures having in view the rehabilitation of refugees and displaced persons, the compensation of individuals whose belongings have been destroyed during the conflict and the reconstruction of public infrastructure.
Donor Support
2001
No information available on donor support to facilitate the peace process.
2002
In November 2002, the European Commission provided 34.8 million Euro to be used on “development projects and assistance in order to support government’s efforts to reduce poverty through sustainable economic and social development and to implement the peace agreement.” This cooperation program was expected to last for the next five years (2002-2007).1
- “Republic of Djibouti: Commission approves EUR 34.8 million co-operation programme,” RAPID. November 22, 2002.
2003
Further information not available on donor support to consolidate the peace after 2001 agreement with FRUD-AD. There were reports of US support but most of the support was related to initiatives designed to fight Somali insurgents.
2004
No further information available on donor support to consolidate the peace process.
2005
No further developments observed.
2006
No further developments observed.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
Article 23: General Principles.
b) They agree to involve friendly countries and international organizations in the consolidation of Peace by asking them to provide financial and technical support.
Detailed Implementation Timeline
2001
The demobilization, integration, and reintegration of elements of the accord were completed within the timeline as stipulated in the peace agreement. The process of demobilization, integration, and reintegration started on May 23 and was completed on June 7, 2001.
2002
No further developments observed.
2003
No further developments observed.
2004
No further developments observed.
2005
No further developments observed.
2006
No further developments observed.
2007
No further developments observed.
2008
No further developments observed.
2009
No further developments observed.
2010
No further developments observed.
Article 25: On the Timetable.
a) The procedures of demobilization defined in Article 6 of the present Agreement will start as soon as the present Agreement has been signed and must of necessity be accomplished within two weeks.
b) The different methods of integration of elements of the FRUD, signatory of the present Agreement, within the National Army, the Gendarmerie, and the National Police Force as well as within different services of the Administration will be determined eight (8) months after the signing of the present Agreement.
c) The different methods of the reintegration which is defined in Article 6 of the present Agreement will be determined within a period of six (6) months after the signing of the present Agreement.
Please always cite: “Annualized implementation data on comprehensive intrastate peace accords, 1989–2012.” Madhav Joshi, Jason Michael Quinn, and Patrick M. Regan. Journal of Peace Research 52 (2015): 551-562.